Evidence for Epistatic Interaction between HLA-G and LILRB1 in the Pathogenesis of Nonsegmental Vitiligo.

Vitiligo is the most frequent cause of depigmentation worldwide. Genetic association studies have discovered about 50 loci associated with disease, many with immunological functions. Among them is HLA-G, which modulates immunity by interacting with specific inhibitory receptors, mainly LILRB1 and LILRB2. Here we investigated the LILRB1 and LILRB2 association with vitiligo risk and evaluated the possible role of interactions between HLA-G and its receptors in this pathogenesis. We tested the association of the polymorphisms of HLA-G, LILRB1, and LILRB2 with vitiligo using logistic regression along with adjustment by ancestry. Further, methods based on the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) approach (MDR v.3.0.2, GMDR v.0.9, and MB-MDR) were used to detect potential epistatic interactions between polymorphisms from the three genes. An interaction involving rs9380142 and rs2114511 polymorphisms was identified by all methods used. The polymorphism rs9380142 is an HLA-G 3'UTR variant (+3187) with a well-established role in mRNA stability. The polymorphism rs2114511 is located in the exonic region of LILRB1. Although no association involving this SNP has been reported, ChIP-Seq experiments have identified this position as an EBF1 binding site. These results highlight the role of an epistatic interaction between HLA-G and LILRB1 in vitiligo pathogenesis.

Genetics and Genomics Teaching in Nursing Programs in a Latin American Country.

Although the importance of genetics and genomics in nursing education has been widely recognized, surveys carried out in several countries show that these subjects are still limited in nursing undergraduate programs. In Latin America, the teaching of genetics and genomics in nursing programs has never been previously documented. Considering this scenario, we aimed to investigate how genetics and genomics have been taught in undergraduate nursing programs in Brazil. A total of 138 undergraduate nursing program coordinators and 49 faculty members were recruited to participate in this cross-sectional study. After IRB approval, data were collected using an online survey, covering curriculum design, faculty credentials, genetics and/or genomics teaching, as well as their impressions regarding the document "Essential Nursing Competencies and Curricula Guidelines for Genetics and Genomics". Genetics is taught in most of the investigated courses (67.3%), mainly by biologists (77.6%), with master's degree (83.7%), and with the syllabus mainly focused on molecular biology. More instructors agreed with Competency 2 (C2) which refers to advocating for clients' access to desired genetic/genomic services and/or resources including support groups as well as C23 which refer to using health promotion/disease prevention practices that incorporate knowledge of genetic and genomic risk factors, than coordinators. That is, the participants' type of appointment (instructors vs. coordinators) had a significant effect on their agreement level with competencies C2 (χ2 = 6.23, p = 0.041) and C23 (χ2 = 9.36, p = 0.007). Overall, a higher number of participants with both master's and Ph.D. degrees significantly agreed with competencies C2, C4, which refer to incorporating genetic and genomic technologies and information into registered nurse practice, and C5-demonstrating in practice the importance of tailoring genetic and genomic information and services to clients based on their culture, religion, knowledge level, literacy, and preferred language, when compared to those with Ph.D. only, and those with a master's degree only (χ2 = 8.73, p = 0.033; χ2 = 8.61, p = 0.033; χ2 = 8.61, p = 0.033, respectively). Our results support reflections on ways to prepare the nursing workforce to deliver personalized nursing care. Additionally, they can be an aid in establishing guidelines for the undergraduate nursing curricula in Brazil and in other Portuguese-speaking countries, as well as in Latin America.

Markers of mitochondrial energy metabolism and their potential relationships with fatigue in human adults: a scoping review

This scoping review aimed to synthesize the best available evidence of the associations between molecular and genetic markers of mitochondrial metabolism and fatigue in human adults. The research question guiding this review was, "Are there potential relationships between mitochondrial metabolism markers and fatigue?" The literature search used three terms (mitochondria; fatigue; energy metabolism), which yielded 263 manuscripts and 22 theses/dissertations. The studies included in the review had to meet three criteria: (1) Include adult participants (≥18 years of age); (2) Show a relationship between mitochondrial energy metabolism and fatigue; (3) Be published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Of the 17 articles included for a full-text review, some had a cross-sectional design (6/17, 35%), and more than half (12/17, 70%) were published between 2015 and 2020. The predominant population studied were patients diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome (9/17, 53%). Most studies (15/17, 88%) assessed fatigue with validated instruments. Mitochondrial markers associated with fatigue are a) mitochondrial transport pathways and respiratory chain, b) mutations in mitochondrial DNA, and c) energy disorders in cells of the immune system, such as natural killer cells. Mitochondrial metabolic activities, such as the production and transport of ATP, are significant components that may help understand the etiology of fatigue. Future directions should include longitudinal study designs, characterization of fatigue phenotypes, and the identification of markers involved in production and transport pathways. The clinical relevance in this field can lead to interventions targeting mitochondrial markers to reduce or prevent fatigue.

Vigilância em saúde do trabalhador: o suicídio relacionado ao trabalho / Worker's health surveillance: work-related suicide / Vigilancia de la salud del trabajador: suicidio relacionado con el trabajo

OBJETIVO: investigar as possíveis relações que permeiam as temáticas da ideação suicida e do suicídio associadas aos aspectos internos e externos do trabalho. MÉTODO: ao adotar uma abordagem qualitativa e perspectiva descritiva, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura do período de 2009-2019 operacionalizada por buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, BDENF e BVS. RESULTADOS: partiu-se da questão norteadora "Quais são as relações existentes entre o trabalhador, vítima de suicídio, e o ambiente de trabalho em que ele está inserido?" e de descritores, encontrando-se 481 registros, dos quais dez estudos foram selecionados. Separados por dois eixos de análise (aspectos internos e externos), os estudos descreveram dez relações predominantes entre o suicídio e o trabalho, sendo elas: depressão (19,3%); assédio moral/bullying (16,1%); ausência de lazer (12,9%); estresse (9,6%); sobrecarga profissional (9,6%); acidentes no trabalho (9,6%); Síndrome de Burnout (6,4%); isolamento social (6,4%); conflitos entre a família e o trabalho (6,4%) e falta de autonomia no trabalho (3,2%). CONCLUSÃO: os resultados demonstram a relação existente entre o trabalho e o suicídio. Como a Enfermagem é uma potencial promotora no cuidado humanizado, destaca-se a necessidade de vigilância e promoção da saúde para os trabalhadores nesses ambientes.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the possible links between the themes of suicide ideation and suicide associated with the internal and external aspects of the work. METHOD: by adopting a qualitative approach and descriptive perspective, an integrative review of the literature of the 2009-2019 period was carried out by searching the PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, BDENF and VHL databases. RESULTS: The guiding question "What are the relations between the worker, victim of suicide, and the work environment in which he is inserted?" and descriptors, with 481 records, of which ten studies, were selected. Separated by two axes of analysis (internal and external aspects), the studies described ten predominant relationships between suicide and work, being: depression (19.3%); moral harassment/bullying (16.1%); absence of leisure (12.9%); stress (9.6%); professional overload (9.6%); accidents at work (9.6%); Burnout syndrome (6.4%); social isolation (6.4%); conflicts between family and work (6.4%) and lack of autonomy at work (3.2%). CONCLUSION: the results show the relationship between work and suicide. As nursing is a potential promoter of humanized care, the need for vigilance and health promotion for workers in these environments is highlighted.

OBJETIVO: investigar las posibles relaciones que impregnan los temas de ideación suicida y suicidio, asociados con aspectos internos y externos del trabajo. MÉTODO: adoptando un enfoque cualitativo y una perspectiva descriptiva, se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura para el período 2009-2019 mediante la búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, BDENF y BVS. RESULTADOS: Basado en la pregunta guía: "¿Cuáles son las relaciones que existen entre el trabajador, una víctima de suicidio y el ambiente de trabajo en el que está insertado?" y descriptores, se encontraron 481 registros, de los cuales se seleccionaron 10 estudios. Separados por dos ejes de análisis (aspectos internos y externos), los estudios describieron 10 relaciones predominantes entre el suicidio y el trabajo, a saber: depresión (19.3%), bullying / bullying (16.1%), ausencia de ocio (12.9%), estrés (9.6%), sobrecarga profesional (9.6%), accidentes laborales (9.6%), síndrome de Burnout (6.4%), aislamiento social (6, 4%), conflictos entre familia y trabajo (6,4%) y falta de autonomía en el trabajo (3,2%). CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados demuestran una relación entre el trabajo y el suicidio. Como la enfermería es un potencial promotor de la atención humanizada, se destaca la necesidad de vigilancia y promoción de la salud de los trabajadores en estos entornos.

Nurse empowerment through Pharmacogenetics.

OBJECTIVE: to verify the existence of elements that justify the use of pharmacogenetics by the Brazilian nurse. METHOD: this is a quantitative, cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study, whose final sample was 67 individuals. The participants were healthy at the time of the study and reported a history of previous use and the occurrence of adverse effects by drugs commonly used and metabolized by CYP2C9. We collected 4 mL of venous blood for subsequent DNA extraction by salting out method and genotyping of the CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms, using Polymerase Chain Reaction in real time using Taqman assays. RESULTS: the use of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9 was frequent (more than 75% of the individuals have already used between 2 or 4 of these drugs). Regarding adverse events, there were 19 perceived symptomatic occurrences associated with drugs metabolized by CYP2C9. The allele frequency of the polymorphism * 2 and * 3 in the population studied was 11.1% and 7.5%, respectively, and there was a coincidence between the presence of alleles of low enzyme activity and the occurrence of adverse effects. CONCLUSION: there are elements that justify the adoption of pharmacogenetics in the nursing care to reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions to drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.

Adaptation and preliminary validation of the genetic counseling outcome scale (GCOS-24) in a Brazilian genetic counseling setting.

Health professionals working in services providing genetic counseling need objective instruments to assess genetic counseling outcomes and also to "give a voice" to those using these services. Lack of knowledge regarding such outcomes may directly impact the effectiveness and the potential benefits of counseling, quality of life, health promotion, and empowerment of those receiving counseling. There are very few instruments available for most countries, however there are none in Brazil. In this context, this study aimed to adapt and preliminarily validate the Genetic Counseling Outcome Scale (GCOS-24), a Patient-Reported Outcome Measure (PROM), originally developed in British English. This methodological study recruited 278 individuals attending a medical genetic service at a Brazilian university hospital. We performed the translation, back-translation, semantic validation, pilot study and field study for testing of some psychometric properties. The instrument's internal consistency and test-retest reliability (stability) were assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, respectively. The Brazilian version of the GCOS-24 presented face and content validity, satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.71), and moderate stability (ICC = 0.52). It was considered reliable, easily understood and relevant to assessing the genetic counseling outcomes for the study participants. Its construct validity still needs to be assessed to verify the instrument's internal structure and its potential use to measure change in empowerment following genetic counseling provided by Brazilian clinical genetics services.

Nurse empowerment through Pharmacogenetics / Empoderamento do enfermeiro por meio da Farmacogenética / Empoderamiento del enfermero a través de la farmacogenética

Objective: to verify the existence of elements that justify the use of pharmacogenetics by the Brazilian nurse. Method: this is a quantitative, cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study, whose final sample was 67 individuals. The participants were healthy at the time of the study and reported a history of previous use and the occurrence of adverse effects by drugs commonly used and metabolized by CYP2C9. We collected 4 mL of venous blood for subsequent DNA extraction by salting out method and genotyping of the CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms, using Polymerase Chain Reaction in real time using Taqman assays. Results: the use of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9 was frequent (more than 75% of the individuals have already used between 2 or 4 of these drugs). Regarding adverse events, there were 19 perceived symptomatic occurrences associated with drugs metabolized by CYP2C9. The allele frequency of the polymorphism * 2 and * 3 in the population studied was 11.1% and 7.5%, respectively, and there was a coincidence between the presence of alleles of low enzyme activity and the occurrence of adverse effects. Conclusion: there are elements that justify the adoption of pharmacogenetics in the nursing care to reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions to drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.

Objetivo: verificar a existência de elementos que justifiquem o uso da farmacogenética pelo enfermeiro brasileiro. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, do tipo transversal, observacional descritivo, cuja amostra final foi de 67 indivíduos. Os participantes estavam saudáveis no momento do estudo e reportaram histórico de uso prévio e ocorrência de efeitos adversos por fármacos comumente utilizados e metabolizados pela CYP2C9. Coletamos 4 mL de sangue venoso para posterior extração de DNA por método salting out e genotipagem dos polimorfismos CYP2C9*2 e CYP2C9*3 através de Polymerase Chain Reaction em tempo real, utilizando ensaios Taqman. Resultados: o uso de fármacos metabolizados pela CYP2C9 foi frequente (mais de 75% dos sujeitos já utilizaram entre 2 ou 4 desses fármacos). A respeito dos eventos adversos, houve 19 ocorrências sintomáticas percebidas, associadas a fármacos metabolizados pela CYP2C9. A frequência alélica do polimorfismo *2 e *3 na população estudada foi de 11,1% e 7,5%, respectivamente, com coincidência entre a presença dos alelos de baixa atividade enzimática e ocorrência de efeitos adversos. Conclusão: existem elementos que justificam a adoção da farmacogenética no cuidado do enfermeiro com objetivo de redução da ocorrência de reações adversas a fármacos metabolizados pela CYP2C9.

Objetivo: verificar la existencia de elementos que justifiquen el uso de la farmacogenética por parte del enfermero brasileño. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, observacional, descriptivo, cuya muestra final fue de 67 individuos. Los participantes estaban sanos en el momento del estudio e informaron un historial de uso previo y la aparición de efectos adversos por fármacos comúnmente utilizados y metabolizados por el CYP2C9. Recolectamos 4 ml de sangre venosa para la posterior extracción de ADN mediante el método de salazón y genotipificación de los polimorfismos CYP2C9 * 2 y CYP2C9 * 3 a través de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real utilizando ensayos Taqman. Resultados: el uso de drogas metabolizadas por el CYP2C9 fue frecuente (más del 75% de las personas ya han usado entre 2 o 4 de estas drogas). Con respecto a los eventos adversos, hubo 19 casos sintomáticos percibidos asociados con medicamentos metabolizados por el CYP2C9. La frecuencia alélica del polimorfismo * 2 y * 3 en la población estudiada fue de 11.1% y 7.5%, respectivamente, y hubo una coincidencia entre la presencia de alelos de baja actividad enzimática y la aparición de efectos adversos. Conclusión: existen elementos que justifican la adopción de la farmacogenética en el cuidado del enfermero para reducir la aparición de reacciones adversas a los medicamentos metabolizados por el CYP2C9.

Elevated serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines potentially correlate with depression and anxiety in colorectal cancer patients in different stages of the antitumor therapy.

Depression and anxiety, the most important psychological disorders in cancer patients, have now been considered as psychoneuroimmunological disorders, in which peripheral immune activation, through the release of proinflammatory cytokines, is implicated in the variety of behavioral, neuroendocrine and neurochemical alterations associated with these disorders. Along with the tumor itself, cancer treatment can also contribute to exacerbate the production of proinflammatory cytokines. This study aimed to investigate whether proinflammatory cytokine levels are related to depression and anxiety in CRC patients in different stages of the antitumor therapy We evaluated 60 patients in three stages of antitumor therapy (Pre-chemotherapy, Under-chemotherapy and Post-chemotherapy, n=20 in each group) and 20 healthy volunteers by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Serum levels of cytokines were measured by CBA. Depression and/or anxiety were found at clinically relevant levels in CRC patients during all antitumor therapy. Patients in pre-chemotherapy group exhibited the highest concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the lowest levels of IL-10. In latter stages of treatment, cytokines reached levels similar to the control group. Correlation analysis between HADS score and cytokine serum levels revealed positive associations of anxiety and/or depression with IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, and a negative correlation with IL-10, suggesting that cytokines are involved in the pathophysiology of these psychological disorders in CRC patients. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in these psychological disorders will allow the design of new therapeutic strategies to assist in alleviating such symptoms in cancer patients.

Fractalkine (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1) as a potential biomarker for depression and anxiety in colorectal cancer patients.

Fractalkine, a unique chemokine of the CX3C subfamily, is involved in the pathogenesis of different types of cancer and also in non-immune mechanisms associated with psychiatric disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there is a correlation between anxiety, depression and fractalkine serum levels in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in different stages of antitumor therapy. Four groups of patients undergoing treatment (n=20 per group) were evaluated: Patients with CRC who did not undergo surgical resection of the tumor; patients who underwent resection and who did not start adjuvant therapy; patients undergoing chemotherapy for ~3 months; and patients who had completed adjuvant chemotherapy regimen for ~6 months. The control group was composed of 20 healthy volunteers free of any psychiatric or immune system disease. Depression and anxiety were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and serum levels of fractalkine were measured by cytometric bead array. Clinically relevant levels of anxiety and/or depression were observed in all of the CRC patients at the different stages of antitumor therapy. Elevated serum levels of fractalkine were identified in the CRC patients in the pre-surgery (P<0.001) and pre-chemotherapy (P<0.001) groups, but reduced upon chemotherapy (P<0.05). Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between fractalkine levels and the HADS scores in the CRC patients at different stages of antitumor therapy. These results demonstrate a link between fractalkine, depression and anxiety in CRC patients indicating that this chemokine is involved in the pathophysiology of these comorbidities. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in these psychological disorders will allow the design of novel therapeutic strategies to assist in alleviating such symptoms in cancer patients. Therefore, fractalkine may present as a relevant biomarker for depression and anxiety in CRC patients.

Jacalin Has Chemopreventive Effects on Colon Cancer Development.

Colorectal cancer, which is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, has a slow natural history that provides a great opportunity for prevention strategies. Plant-derived natural products have received considerable attention because of their inherent colorectal cancer chemopreventive effects. The plant lectin jacalin specifically recognizes the tumor-associated Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen and has antiproliferative effects on human colon cancer cells, highlighting its potential antitumor activity. To evaluate jacalin's potential application in colorectal cancer chemoprevention, we studied its effects on the early stages of carcinogenesis. Balb/c mice were given 4 intrarectal deposits of 0.1 ml solution of Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitroso-Guanidine (5 mg/ml) twice a week (with a 3-day interval) for 2 weeks. Starting 2 weeks before carcinogen administration, animals were treated orally with jacalin (0.5 and 25 µg) three times a week (on alternate weekdays) for 10 weeks. We show that jacalin treatment reduced the number of preneoplastic lesions in carcinogen-exposed mice. This anticarcinogenic activity was associated with decreased colonic epithelial cell proliferation and stromal COX-2 expression and with increased intestinal production of TNF-α. Our results demonstrate that jacalin is able to modulate the early stages of colon carcinogenesis and emphasize its promising chemopreventive activity in colorectal cancer.

Fatigue and health related quality of life in children and adolescents with cancer.

PURPOSE: The study examined the different dimensions of fatigue (general, sleep/rest, cognitive), health related quality of life (HRQL) (physical, emotional, cognitive, social), and the relationships between fatigue and HRQL in hospitalized children and adolescents with cancer in Brazil. METHOD: Participants were recruited from a pediatric oncology inpatient unit in a comprehensive cancer care hospital in southeast Brazil. They completed the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale and the PedsQL Inventory of Quality of Life (Generic and Cancer module) once during hospitalization. RESULTS: The majority (66.7%) of the participants (n = 38; mean age 12.1 ± 2.9 years) had total fatigue scores < 75 on 0 to 100 scale; with the mean total fatigue score of 63.8 ± 18.5. The majority (72.2% generic; 83.3% cancer modules) had total PedsQL scores < 75 on 0 to 100 scale. The mean PedsQL score on generic module (61.1 ± 17.0) was similar to the mean PedsQL score cancer module (59.1 ± 16.7). Significant correlations were found between total fatigue and quality of life generic (r = 0.63, p = 0.000) and cancer module (r = 0.74, p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The study is the first to report fatigue and health related quality of life in hospitalized children and adolescents with cancer in Brazil. Similar to experiences of other children in the world, our findings indicate that children and adolescents with cancer had problems with fatigue that were associated with low HRQL. Future studies are recommended to examine interventions (exercise, leisurely activities) that may alleviate fatigue and improve HRQL in pediatric patients with cancer.

Genetic education, knowledge and experiences between nurses and physicians in primary care in Brazil: A cross-sectional study.

Recent advances in genomics and related technologies have the potential to improve health care throughout the world. In this cross-sectional study, we examine genetics education, knowledge, and genetics-related experiences among the nurses and physicians who provide primary care in a Brazilian city. Fifty-four healthcare professionals from family health units participated in the study (response rate: 90%). Data were collected using a structured 36-item questionnaire divided into five axes: sociodemographic data and academic background; genetics education; genetics knowledge; genetics-related experiences in family practice; and knowledge regarding the National Policy for Comprehensive Care in Clinical Genetics in the Unified Health System. Although most participants (85.2%) acknowledged receiving some genetic content during their undergraduate education, the majority (77.8%) advised that they did not feel prepared to deliver genomics-based health care in primary care. The results suggest that nurses and physicians often lack the knowledge to provide genomics-based health care in primary care. Therefore, continuing education in genetics/genomics should be provided to primary healthcare professionals in order to enhance family practice and compliance with national policies.

Síndrome de Burnout em trabalhadores da oncologia: uma revisão integrativa / Burnout syndrome in oncology workers: an integrative review / Síndrome de Burnout en trabajadores de oncología: una revisión integradora

O estudo teve como objetivo identificar, na literatura, os principais fatores geradores da síndrome de Burnout em profissionais de saúde, sobretudo em enfermeiros que atuam em unidades de oncologia. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, a qual utilizou as etapas metodológicas de Ganong. Realizamos uma busca eletrônica por artigos indexados nas bases de dados Web of Science, PubMed Central e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, publicados entre 2010 a 2015. Nós utilizamos, em diferentes combinações, os descritores controlados: esgotamento profissional, enfermagem e oncologia. A amostra final foi composta por 18 artigos. O maior número de publicações, quatro artigos (22,2%) em cada ano, ocorreu em 2010 e 2013, principalmente nos Estados Unidos (n=5, 27,8%) e na Austrália (n=3, 16,6%). Lidar com o agravamento da doença do paciente e a morte foi considerado o principal fator gerador da síndrome de burnout. A implementação de programas de valorização profissional e de grupos de apoio psicossocial para equipe de enfermagem tem potencial para auxiliar na elaboração de mecanismos para suportar as situações difíceis que permeiam o cotidiano da enfermagem oncológica.

The study aimed to identify, in the literature, the main factors causing burnout in health professionals, mainly nurses working in oncology units. This is an integrative review, which used the methodological steps of Ganong. We searched an electronic search for articles indexed in the databases Web of Science, PubMed Central and Virtual Health Library, published between 2010 and 2015. We used, in different combinations, controlled descriptors: burnout, nursing and oncology. The final sample consisted of 18 articles. The highest number of publications, four articles (22.2%) in each year, occurred in 2010 and 2013, mainly in the United States (n=5, 27.8%) and Australia (n = 3, 16.6%). Dealing with the worsening of the patient's disease and death were considered the main burnout causing factors. The implementation of professional appreciation programs and psychosocial support groups for nursing staff have the potential to assist in the development of mechanisms to handle difficult situations that permeate the dailylife of oncology nursing.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar, en la literatura, los principales factores causantes de burnout en profesionales de la salud, sobre todo enfermeras que trabajan en unidades de oncología. Se trata de una revisión integradora, que utiliza los pasos metodológicos de Ganong. Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica de artículos indexados en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed Central y la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, publicada entre 2010 y 2015. Utilizamos, en diferentes combinaciones, los descriptores controlados: burnout, enfermería y oncología. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 18 artículos. El mayor número de publicaciones, cuatro artículos (el 22,2%) al año, se produjo en 2010 y 2013, principalmente en los Estados Unidos (n = 5, el 27,8%) y Australia (n = 3, el 16,6%). Encaja con el empeoramiento de la enfermedad y la muerte del paciente fueron considerados los principales factores que causan síndrome de burnout. La implementación de programas de habilidades profesionales y grupos de apoyo psicosocial para el personal de enfermería tiene el potencial para ayudar en el desarrollo de mecanismos para manejar las situaciones difíciles que impregnan la vida cotidiana de la enfermería oncológica.

Self-reported cancer family history is a useful tool for identification of individuals at risk of hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome at primary care centers in middle-income settings: a longitudinal study.

Analysis of cancer family history (CFH) offers a low-cost genetic tool to identify familial cancer predisposition. In middle-income settings, the scarcity of individual records and database-linked records hinders the assessment of self-reported CFH consistency as an indicator of familial cancer predisposition. We used self-reported CFH to identify those families at risk for hereditary cancer syndromes in community-based primary care centers of a low-income Brazilian area. We also evaluated the consistency of the information collected by reassessing CFH five years later. We interviewed 390 families and constructed their pedigrees for genetic cancer risk assessment. We found 125 families affected by cancer, 35.2% with moderate to high risk of familial susceptibility to cancer, a number that represents a relatively high prevalence of potential hereditary cancer syndromes in the overall study sample. Upon reassessment of CFH in 14/20 families that were previously identified as having at least one first-degree and one second-degree relative affected by cancer, and presented moderate to high risk for developing cancer, 90% of initial pedigrees were confirmed. These results demonstrate the reliability of self-reports as a means of early identification of healthy individuals at risk, encouraging the wider use of this method in low- and middle-income primary care settings.

High validity and reliability of the PedsQL™ Multidimensional Fatigue Scale for Brazilian children with cancer.

Among the main factors that affect patients' quality of life, fatigue is a significant symptom experienced by children during treatment. Despite the high incidence, there has been no validated scale to evaluate fatigue in children with cancer in Brazil. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the PedsQL™ Multidimensional Fatigue Scale, using self-reports of Brazilian children, 8 to 18 years of age, and proxy reports. A cross-sectional method was used to collect data from 216 subjects over an 18-month period. Reliability ranged from .70 to .90 except for sleep/rest fatigue, self-report (α = .55). No floor or ceiling effects were found in any dimension. Convergent validity was higher than .40 and divergent validity had 100% adjustment. The root mean square error of approximation was acceptable. The comparative fit index was lower than expected. The agreement between self and proxy responses was weak and moderate. The results demonstrate the reliability and validity of the Brazilian version in children with cancer. This is the first validated scale that assesses fatigue in Brazilian children and adolescents with cancer.

Practicability of comprehensive care in clinical genetics in the Brazilian Unified Health System: expanding the debate / Ejecutabilidad del cuidado integral en genética clínica en Sistema Unico de Salud: la ampliación del debate / Exequibilidade da atenção integral em genética clínica no Sistema Unico de Saúde: ampliando o debate

This article aims to highlight the discussions on the National Policy for Comprehensive Care in Clinical Genetics and reflect on its pending regulation when genomic discoveries change the model of health care. Nine of the ten causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide presents genetic/genomic predisposition. Based on strategic planning, this Policy proposes the organization of a network of referral services and specialized centers in genetics, with capacity to meet the needs of the population. Its regulation requires training and qualification of the health care professionals to provide comprehensive care, to optimize access, to identify and diagnose individuals with increased risk for injuries with genetic predisposition early. In primary health care, the care in question should not be interpreted as a specialty, but as specialized. This model presents innovative perspectives, in line with the principles and guidelines of the Unified Health System.

Este estudio objetivó tornar prominentes discusiones acerca de la Política Nacional de Cuidado Integral en Genética Clínica y reflexionar sobre su regulación pendiente cuando descubrimientos genómicos transforman el modelo de atención a salud. Nueve entre diez causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo mundo presentan predisposición genética/genómica. La Política, fundamentada en la planificación estratégica, propone ofrecimiento de asesoramiento genético, mediante estructuración de una red de servicios de referencia y centros especializados, para satisfacer las necesidades de la población. Su regulación requiere capacitación y cualificación de profesionales de salud para ofrecer el cuidado integral, optimizar el acceso, identificar y diagnosticar precozmente individuos con mayor riesgo de enfermedades con predisposición genética. En la atención primaria de salud, el cuidado en cuestión no debe ser interpretado como una especialidad, pero sí como especializado. Este modelo presenta perspectivas innovadoras en consonancia con principios y directrices de los modeladores del Sistema Único de Salud.

Este artigo tem por objetivo tornar proeminentes as discussões acerca da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral em Genética Clínica e refletir sobre sua pendente regulamentação, quando descobertas genômicas transformam o modelo de atenção à saúde. Nove dentre dez causas de morbimortalidade mundiais apresentam predisposição genética/genômica. Essa Política, fundamentada no planejamento estratégico, propõe a estruturação de uma rede de serviços de referência e centros especializados em genética, com capacidade para responder às necessidades da população. Sua regulamentação pressupõe capacitação e qualificação dos profissionais de saúde para oferecer atenção integral, otimizar o acesso, identificar e diagnosticar precocemente indivíduos com risco aumentado para agravos com predisposição genética. Na atenção básica à saúde, o cuidado em pauta não deve ser interpretado enquanto especialidade, mas como especializado. Esse modelo apresenta perspectivas inovadoras em consonância com os princípios e diretrizes modeladores do Sistema Único de Saúde.

[Perception of cancer causes and risk, family history and preventive behaviors of users in oncogenetic counseling]. / Percepção de causas e risco oncológico, história familiar e comportamentos preventivos de usuários em aconselhamento oncogenético.

The aims of the present study were to describe cancer causes and risk perception, and to associate behaviors adopted for the prevention of tumors and cancer family history in individuals with suspect of hereditary cancer syndromes. A convenience sample of 51 individuals was selected from an oncogenetic counseling outpatient clinic in a university hospital in the countryside of the state of São Paulo. An instrument adapted to Brazilian culture was used. The respondents considered their own risk as being the same as the population's risk, and family history was not statistically associated with the performing of preventive exams. These findings highlight the need for intervention by health professionals, especially nurses, who may conduct health education activities for this population, which is an essential component of nursing care in oncogenetics.

Atuação do enfermeiro em oncologia na perspectiva da genética e genômica / Oncology nursing practice from the perspective of genetics and genomics / Práctica de lo enfermero en oncología en la perspectiva de la genética y genómica

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a atuação do enfermeiro em oncologia, sob a perspectiva da genética e da genômica, e sobre seu papel como membro integrante da equipe multiprofissional e interdisciplinar de aconselhamento genético oncológico. Trata-se de uma reflexão, fruto de leitura minuciosa da literatura da área, acrescida da experiência dos autores e discussões em grupo de pesquisa. No transcorrer desse trabalho, foi possível constatar que o enfermeiro precisa considerar o cuidado de saúde baseado em genômica e apropriar-se de competências essenciais. Essas competências abrangem a habilidade de mobilizar recursos genômicos na coleta da história familiar e nas orientações sobre testes genéticos a famílias em risco para síndromes neoplásicas hereditárias. O profissional de enfermagem pode atuar como referência para os demais membros da equipe de saúde, com potencial para integrar seus conhecimentos no cuidado, no ensino e em pesquisas em oncologia, sob a ótica da genética e da genômica.

This study aimed to reflect on oncology nurses' practice from the perspective of genetics and genomics, and their role as a member of the multiprofessional and interdisciplinary cancer genetics counseling team. This reflection is a result of the detailed reading of literature in the area, increased by the authors' experience and research group discussions. In the course of this work, it was verified that the nurse needs to consider genomic-based health care and incorporates essential competencies. These competencies include the ability to mobilize genomic resources in the family history assessment and in the guidelines on genetic testing for families at risk for hereditary neoplastic syndromes. The nursing staff may act as a reference for other members of the health team, with the potential to integrate their knowledge on care, teaching and research in oncology from the viewpoint of genetics and genomics.

Este estudio objetivó reflexionar sobre la práctica del enfermero en oncología en la perspectiva de la genética y genómica, y su papel como miembro del equipo multiprofesional e interdisciplinario del asesoriamento genético oncológico. Esta reflexión es resultado de lectura atenta de la literatura, además de la experiencia de los autores y discusiones del grupo de investigación. En el curso de este trabajo, fue posible constatar que el enfermero debe tener en cuenta el cuidado de salud basado en genómica y se apropiar de competencias esenciales. Estas competencias incluyen habilidad de movilizar recursos genómicos en la colecta de la historia familiar y orientaciones sobre testes genéticos para familias en riesgo de síndromes neoplásicas hereditarias. El profesional de enfermería puede actuar como referencia para los demás miembros del equipo de salud, con posibilidad de integrar sus conocimientos en asistencia, enseñanza e investigación en oncología, desde el punto de vista de la genética y genómica.

Percepção de causas e risco oncológico, história familiar e comportamentos preventivos de usuários em aconselhamento oncogenético / Perception of cancer causes and risk, family history and preventive behaviors of users in oncogenetic counseling / Percepción de causas y riesgo oncológico, historia familiar y comportamientos preventivos de pacientes en asesoramiento oncogenético

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a percepção de causas e risco para neoplasias, bem como associar comportamentos adotados para prevenção de tumores e história familiar dessa patologia em indivíduos com suspeita de síndromes neoplásicas hereditárias. A amostra de conveniência foi constituída por 51 usuários atendidos em um ambulatório de aconselhamento oncogenético de um hospital-escola do interior paulista. Utilizou-se um instrumento previamente traduzido e adaptado para a cultura brasileira. Os respondentes consideraram seu risco de câncer como sendo igual ao da população em geral e a história familiar de malignidades não foi estatisticamente associada à realização de exames preventivos. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a necessidade de intervenção dos profissionais de saúde, em especial do enfermeiro, o qual pode desenvolver atividades de educação em saúde junto a essa clientela, como um dos componentes essenciais para o cuidado de enfermagem em oncogenética.

The aims of the present study were to describe cancer causes and risk perception, and to associate behaviors adopted for the prevention of tumors and cancer family history in individuals with suspect of hereditary cancer syndromes. A convenience sample of 51 individuals was selected from an oncogenetic counseling outpatient clinic in a university hospital in the countryside of the state of São Paulo. An instrument adapted to Brazilian culture was used. The respondents considered their own risk as being the same as the population's risk, and family history was not statistically associated with the performing of preventive exams. These findings highlight the need for intervention by health professionals, especially nurses, who may conduct health education activities for this population, which is an essential component of nursing care in oncogenetics.

El estudio objetivó describir la percepción de causas y riesgo de padecer neoplasias, así como asociar comportamientos adoptados para la prevención de tumores e historia familiar de la patología en individuos con sospecha de síndromes neoplásicos hereditarios. La muestra de conveniencia se constituyó de 51 pacientes atendidos en ambulatorio de asesoramiento oncogenético de un hospital escuela del interior paulista. Se utilizó un instrumento traducido y adaptado a la cultura brasileña. Los consultados consideraron su riesgo de cáncer como equiparable al de la población en general, la historia familiar de enfermedades malignas no fue estadísticamente asociada a la realización de estudios preventivos. Los resultados del estudio demuestran la necesidad de intervención de los profesionales de salud, en especial del enfermero, el cual puede desarrollar actividades de educación en salud conjuntamente con estos sujetos, como uno de los componentes esenciales para el cuidado de enfermería en oncogenética.

Espiritualidade e religiosidade na perspectiva de enfermeiros / Spirituality and religiosity in the perspectives of nurses / Espiritualidad y religiosidad en la perspectiva de los enfermeros

Ao considerar o ser humano como uma unidade formada por corpo, mente e espírito, é importante que os enfermeiros avaliem a necessidade de intervenção no campo espiritual. Este estudo objetiva descrever a compreensão do significado de espiritualidade e religiosidade para enfermeiros inseridos numa instituição hospitalar. Esta é uma pesquisa exploratória, de abordagem metodológica qualitativa, desenvolvida com 17 enfermeiros. A coleta de dados foi conduzida por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, a qual foi examinada através de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados demonstram que os enfermeiros identificam as particularidades envolvidas nos conceitos de espiritualidade e religiosidade, da mesma forma que reconhecem a articulação entre eles. A aplicabilidade desses termos na prática clínica do enfermeiro sofre influência direta da sua própria espiritualidade e religiosidade, da sua formação acadêmica e do receio de repercussão negativa consequente da abordagem direta desses aspectos aos pacientes.

Considering the human being as a unit composed of body, mind and spirit, it is important that nurses evaluate the need for spiritual intervention. This study aims to describe the understanding of nurses about the meaning of spirituality and religiosity at a hospital. This is an exploratory and qualitative research that was carried out with 17 nurses. Data were collected through semistructured interview and analyzed using content analysis. Results show that nurses identify the particularities involved in the concepts of spirituality and religiosity and recognize the link between them. The applicability of these terms in nurses' clinical practice is directly influenced by their own spirituality and religiosity, by their academic training and their fear of negative repercussions resulting from the direct approach of these issues with patients.

Al considerar el ser humano como una unidad formada por cuerpo, mente y espíritu, es importante que los enfermeros evalúen la necesidad de intervención en el campo espiritual. Este estudio describe la comprensión del significado de la espiritualidad y la religiosidad de los enfermeros que actúan en hospitales. Esta es una investigación exploratoria y cualitativa y fue desarrollada con 17 enfermeros. La recolección de datos fue realizada con entrevistas semiestructuradas y analizadas a través de análisis de contenido. Los resultados muestran que los enfermeros identifican las particularidades involucradas en los conceptos de espiritualidad y religiosidad, así como reconocen el vínculo entre ellos. La aplicabilidad de estos términos en la práctica clínica de los enfermeros es influenciada directamente por su propia espiritualidad y religiosidad, su formación académica y el miedo de las repercusiones negativas derivadas de la aproximación directa de estas cuestiones con los pacientes.