ABSTRACT
One of Saturn's largest moons, Enceladus, possesses a vast extraterrestrial ocean (i.e., exo-ocean) that is increasingly becoming the hotspot of future research initiatives dedicated to the exploration of putative life. Here, a new bio-exploration concept design for Enceladus' exo-ocean is proposed, focusing on the potential presence of organisms across a wide range of sizes (i.e., from uni- to multicellular and animal-like), according to state-of-the-art sensor and robotic platform technologies used in terrestrial deep-sea research. In particular, we focus on combined direct and indirect life-detection capabilities, based on optoacoustic imaging and passive acoustics, as well as molecular approaches. Such biologically oriented sampling can be accompanied by concomitant geochemical and oceanographic measurements to provide data relevant to exo-ocean exploration and understanding. Finally, we describe how this multidisciplinary monitoring approach is currently enabled in terrestrial oceans through cabled (fixed) observatories and their related mobile multiparametric platforms (i.e., Autonomous Underwater and Remotely Operated Vehicles, as well as crawlers, rovers, and biomimetic robots) and how their modified design can be used for exo-ocean exploration.
Subject(s)
Exobiology/instrumentation , Extraterrestrial Environment , Photoacoustic Techniques/instrumentation , Saturn , Equipment Design , Exobiology/methods , Oceans and Seas , Robotics/instrumentationSubject(s)
Asthma/rehabilitation , Climatotherapy , Dermatitis, Atopic/therapy , Eosinophil Cationic Protein/metabolism , Interleukin-16/metabolism , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/rehabilitation , Adult , Asthma/blood , Asthma/physiopathology , Bronchial Provocation Tests , Chemokine CCL17/immunology , Chemokine CCL17/metabolism , Child , Dermatitis, Atopic/blood , Dermatitis, Atopic/physiopathology , Eosinophil Cationic Protein/immunology , Eosinophils/metabolism , Eosinophils/pathology , Exercise Test , Humans , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Interleukin-16/immunology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/blood , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology , Quality of Life , Respiratory Function Tests , Severity of Illness Index , Skin Tests , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Endotoxins and allergens represent the major relevant contents of the atmospheric bioaerosol with regard to the triggering and exacerbation of allergic diseases. In this study, mattress concentrations of endotoxin and indoor allergens were measured in three hospitals in the alpine climate of Bavaria and in adjacent homes. Dust was collected from each of 10 mattresses according to a standardized protocol, and endotoxin was analyzed with the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test, indoor allergens Der p 1, Der f 1 and Fel d 1 were analyzed by ELISAs. The concentration of endotoxin in the mattresses did not differ significantly between different cities. The percentiles of endotoxin were significantly higher in hospitals than in homes. The concentrations of mite allergens (Der p 1 and Der f 1) in the dust were significantly lower in all hospitals than in homes. There was no significant difference of mite allergens between different time points. The concentrations of Fel d 1 were significantly higher in the autumn than in the summer (median: 1376 vs. 478ng/g). No significant differences of Fel d 1 were found between hospitals and homes or between different hospitals. As Fel d 1 concentrations reached levels at which cat allergic patients can experience symptoms, efforts had to be made to reduce the concentrations of Fel d 1 especially in hospitals. In contrast, mite allergens were low in hospitals, which can be clinically beneficial for patients with mite allergies.
