Mineralogical Diversity and Geology of Humboldt Crater Derived Using Moon Mineralogy Mapper Data.

Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) spectroscopic data and high-resolution imagery data sets were used to study the mineralogy and geology of the 207 km diameter Humboldt crater. Analyses of M3 data, using a custom-made method for M3 spectra continuum removal and spectral parameters calculation, reveal multiple pure crystalline plagioclase detections within the Humboldt crater central peak complex, hinting at its crustal origin. However, olivine, spinel, and glass are observed in the crater walls and rims, suggesting these minerals derive from shallower levels than the plagioclase of the central peak complex. High-calcium pyroxenes are detected in association with volcanic deposits emplaced on the crater's floor. Geologic mapping was performed, and the age of Humboldt crater's units was estimated from crater counts. Results suggest that volcanic activity within this floor-fractured crater spanned over a billion years. The felsic mineralogy of the central peak complex region, which presumably excavated deeper material, and the shallow mafic minerals (olivine and spinel) detected in Humboldt crater walls and rim are not in accordance with the general view of the structure of the lunar crust. Our observations can be explained by the presence of a mafic pluton emplaced in the anorthositic crust prior to the Humboldt-forming impact event. Alternatively, the excavation of Australe basin ejecta could explain the observed mineralogical detections. This highlights the importance of detailed combined mineralogical and geological remote sensing studies to assess the heterogeneity of the lunar crust.

Compositional Variations in the Vicinity of the Lunar Crust-Mantle Interface From Moon Mineralogy Mapper Data.

Moon Mineralogy Mapper spectroscopic data were used to investigate the mineralogy of a selection of impact craters' central peaks or peak rings, in order to characterize the lunar crust-mantle interface, and assess its lateral and vertical heterogeneity. The depth of origin of the craters' central peaks or peak rings was calculated using empirical equations, and compared to Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory crustal thickness models to select craters tapping within +10/-20 km of the crust-mantle interface. Our results show that plagioclase is widely detected, including in craters allegedly sampling lower crustal to mantle material, except in central peaks where Low-Calcium Pyroxene was detected. Olivine detections are scarce, and identified in material assumed to be derived from both above and below the crust-mantle interface. Mineralogical detections in central peaks show that there is an evolution of the pyroxene composition with depth, that may correspond to the transition from the crust to the mantle. The correlation between High-Calcium Pyroxene and some pyroxene-dominated mixture spectra with the location of maria and cryptomaria hints at the existence of lateral heterogeneities as deep as the crust-mantle interface.

[Henri Moissan, a prestigious chemist]. / Henri Moissan, un chimiste prestigieux.

Way followed by Moissan in the field of inorganic chemistry. Isolation of fluorine and its developments. Artificial diamond production by simultaneous actions of high pressures and high temperatures. Arc electric furnaces, and powerful models enabling temperatures up to 3000 degrees C. High pressures obtained by fast cooling of iron-carbon alloys melted at high temperature. Numerous distinctions from foreign Chemical Societies, of which the Nobel Prize.

[The manuscript OMNIA of Charles-Louis Cadet de Gassicourt]. / Le manuscrit OMNIA de Charles-Louis Cadet de Gassicourt.

In 16 handwritten pages, included in a booklet of large size (32 x 22 cm), Charles-Louis Cadet de Gassicourt describes some events of his life, and his thoughts which are often against the society, the Kings, the religions and also the women. This paper was written at the end of his life, probably just before 1820.

[The difficult history of first french national Codex]. / La vie difficile du premier Codex national français.

The first national Codex appeared in 1818. It was written in latin, and its french translation was published at the end of 1819. The Journal de pharmacie et des sciences accessoires, published by the Société de pharmacie de Paris, blamed on several occasions and in a very hard fashion some of its contents and specially the conditions of its publication. An action was brought against the private publisher of the Codex. The second edition of the Codex will be published only in 1837, in a deeply corrected form.

[The scientific contributions of Moissan]. / L'oeuvre scientifique de Moissan.

Two of Moissan's most important contributions to science are presented. 1. Isolation of fluorine and the preparation of various fluorides. 2. High temperature chemistry based on the electrical are furnace. The historical and human aspects as well as the surrounding circumstances are discussed.

[About Charles-Louis Cadet de Gassicourt and Dominique Larrey's correspondence]. / A propos d'une correspondance inedite entre Charles-Louis Cadet de Gassicourt et Dominique Larrey.

From September 1805 to December 1809 , Charles-Louis Cadet de Gassicourt, pharmacien ordinaire of the Emperor, sent six letters to Dominique Larrey chirurgien de la Garde Imperiale. These papers show for the first time his personal and sentimental life, his health worries, his state of anxiety in front of the political and military events.

[The diatessaron theriaque or low people theriaque]. / La thériaque diatessaron ou thériaque des pauvres.

The traditional theriaque was made of a very large number of constituants. But in contrast, a small theriaque, called diatessaron, contained only four plants. It was described with the same therapeutical properties as the largest ones. Its composition remained nearly constant for many centuries. Its name was progressively modified into theriaque des pauvres because of its simplicity. But some of its constituants were issued from Arabic countries and were difficult to get in France; so this theriaque was not present in the pharmaceutical books which were used for low people in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries: indeed these books described only mixtures of french local plants.

[A pharmacist, creator of the first French daily paper: Cadet de Vaux]. / Un pharmacien créateur du premier quotidien Francais: Cadet de Vaux.

Cadet de Vaux, in partnership with Louis Dussieux and Olivier de Carancez, was the creator of the first French daily news paper, on the 1st of January 1877. Cadet had the responsibility of the scientific section. Several lampoons were written against the three directors of the paper. The paper was momentarily suppressed two times, because of non convenient contributions, and it was stopped his activities in the paper.

[Lavoisier and the Parisian pharmacists of his time]. / Lavoisier et les pharmaciens parisiens de son temps (2e partie).

In the 17th and 18th centuries, pharmacists were highly competent in experimentation and well-versed in chemical manipulations. Of necessity, Lavoisier had extensive rapport with them. Presented here are the attitudes regarding him by pharmacists who had their own shops during the twenty years preceding the Revolution. There were his adversaries (one implacable: Baumé; the other lightly mocking: Demachy), his defenders (one timorous: Bronigniart; the other enthusiastic: Cadet de Vaux), and finally and above all those who remained indifferent, although for the most part they had worked for brief periods with Lavoisier (Cadet de Gassicourt, Déyeux, Mitouard and Quinquet). And yet, Baumé and Cadet de Vaux, who were in opposition when faced with the ideas of the new chemistry, joined in their efforts to attempt to get Lavoisier out of prison, at the risk of being guillotined. Finally, the greatest hommage rendered to the pharmacists came from Lavoisier himself, who believing that he would be released from prison denied all of his assets, envisaged himself becoming a pharmacist.

[Teaching of history in the Faculties of Pharmacy]. / Enseignement de l'histoire dans les Facultés de pharmacie.

Teaching of history is not present in the official programs of the pharmaceutical studies. The recent introduction of a module of general knowledges in the first year of the pharmaceutical studies has enabled the introduction of lessons of history, but made in very variable conditions. Teachings are made in some faculties during the following years of the studies. Two projects are presented for the third cycle. The conditions which would be followed in an official teaching of history are presented.

[Thesis about historical themes achieved in the Faculties of Pharmacy]. / Les thèses à sujet historique soutenues en Faculté de Pharmacie (1re partie).

Description of thesis about historical themes presented by students to obtain the grade of Doctor in Pharmacy, for the years 1992-1995, and in each Faculty. Study of their conditions of achievement. Possibilities for the future.

[Thesis about historical themes achieved in the Faculties of Pharmacy]. / Les thèses à sujet historique soutenues en Faculté Pharmacie (2e partie).

Description of thesis about historical themes presented by students to obtain the grade of Doctor in Pharmacy, for the years 1992-1995, and in each Faculty. Study of their conditions of achievement. Possibilities for the future.