Silicene growth on Ag(110) and Ag(111) substrates reconsidered in light of Si-Ag reactivity.

Silicene, the 2D silicon allotrope analogue of graphene, was theoretically predicted in 1994 as a metastable buckled honeycomb silicon monolayer. Similarly to its carbon counterpart it was predicted to present an electronic structure hosting Dirac cones. In the last decade a great deal of work has been done to synthesize silicene and exploit its properties. In this paper we will review our research group activity in the field, dealing in particular with silicon-substrate interaction upon silicon deposition, and discuss the still debated silicene formation starting from the chemistry of silicon unsaturated compounds.

Topologization of ß-antimonene on Bi2Se3 via proximity effects.

Topological surface states usually emerge at the boundary between a topological and a conventional insulator. Their precise physical character and spatial localization depend on the complex interplay between the chemical, structural and electronic properties of the two insulators in contact. Using a lattice-matched heterointerface of single and double bilayers of ß-antimonene and bismuth selenide, we perform a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of the chiral surface states by means of microscopy and spectroscopic measurements complemented by first-principles calculations. We demonstrate that, although ß-antimonene is a trivial insulator in its free-standing form, it inherits the unique symmetry-protected spin texture from the substrate via a proximity effect that induces outward migration of the topological state. This "topologization" of ß-antimonene is found to be driven by the hybridization of the bands from either side of the interface.

Evidence of ß-antimonene at the Sb/Bi2Se3 interface.

We report a study of the interface between antimony and the prototypical topological insulator Bi2Se3. Scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements show the presence of ordered domains displaying a perfect lattice match with bismuth selenide. Density functional theory calculations of the most stable atomic configurations demonstrate that the ordered domains can be attributed to stacks of ß-antimonene.

Signature of surface periodicity in the electronic structure of Si(1 1 1)-(7 × 7).

The surface electronic structure of Si(1 1 1)-[Formula: see text] has been studied by angle-resolved photo electron spectroscopy. Replicas of the S 1 surface state are found in correspondence with several [Formula: see text] unit cells in the reciprocal space. This observation resolves in a direct way the long-standing dichotomy between the structural and electronic properties of the system previously discussed on the basis of the [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] R30° surface models.

Nature of the decrease of the secondary-electron yield by electron bombardment and its energy dependence.

We performed a combined secondary electron yield (SEY) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study as a function of the electron dose and energy on a Cu technical surface representative of the LHC accelerator walls. The electron bombardment is accompanied by a clear chemical modification, indicating an increased graphitization as the SEY decreases. The decrease in the SEY is also found to depend significantly on the kinetic energy of the primary electrons. When low-energy primary electrons are employed (E≤20 eV), the reduction of the SEY is slower and smaller in magnitude than when higher-energy electrons are used. Consequences of this observation are discussed mainly for their relevance on the commissioning scenario for the LHC in operation at CERN (Geneva), but are expected to be of interest for other research fields.

Oxidized graphene in ionic liquids for assembling chemically modified electrodes: a structural and electrochemical characterization study.

Dispersions of graphene oxide (GO) nanoribbons in ionic liquids, ILs (either 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl-) or 1-butylpyridinium chloride (-Bupy-Cl-)) have been used to assemble modified screen printed electrodes (SPEs). The graphene oxide/ionic liquid dispersions have been morphologically and structurally characterized by the use of several techniques: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, high-resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The assembled modified SPEs have then been challenged with various compounds and compared to several electro-active targets. In all cases high peak currents were detected, as well as significant potential shifts, especially in the detection of catecholamines and NADH, compared with the bare SPE and the conventional electrodes, such as glassy carbon (GC) and highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG). This opens the way to the assembly of new types of sensors and biosensors. The enhanced performances observed are attributed to electrocatalytic effects related to the high electrode surface area, to oxygen-assisted electron transfer, as well as to the disordering effect of the ILs, this latter related to the favorable π-π interactions with the ILs and the GO plane.

A study of selected fragmentation paths of the ethyne dication: theory and experiment.

The fragmentation of the C(2)H(2)(2+) dication, formed upon inner shell ionization and the subsequent Auger decay, has been studied by means of Auger electron-ion and Auger electron-ion-ion coincidence spectroscopy at four different kinetic energies of the Auger electron. The experimental investigation of three fragmentation paths leading to the C(2)H(+)/H(+), C(2)(+)/H(+) and C(+)/H(+) pairs has been complemented by theoretical calculations of the Potential Energy Surfaces (PES). It is found that when the amount of internal energy of the dication increases this is mainly transferred into the kinetic energy of the fragments of the second step of the dissociation.

Isolated single-cycle attosecond pulses.

We generated single-cycle isolated attosecond pulses around approximately 36 electron volts using phase-stabilized 5-femtosecond driving pulses with a modulated polarization state. Using a complete temporal characterization technique, we demonstrated the compression of the generated pulses for as low as 130 attoseconds, corresponding to less than 1.2 optical cycles. Numerical simulations of the generation process show that the carrier-envelope phase of the attosecond pulses is stable. The availability of single-cycle isolated attosecond pulses opens the way to a new regime in ultrafast physics, in which the strong-field electron dynamics in atoms and molecules is driven by the electric field of the attosecond pulses rather than by their intensity profile.

Atom-specific identification of adsorbed chiral molecules by photoemission.

The study of chiral adsorbed molecules is important for an analysis of enantioselectivity in heterogeneous catalysis. Here we show that such molecules can be identified through circular dichroism in core-level photoemission arising from the chiral carbon atoms in stereoisomers of 2,3-butanediol molecules adsorbed on Si(100), using circularly polarized x rays. The asymmetry in the carbon 1s intensity excited by right and left circularly polarized light is readily observed, and changes sign with the helicity of the radiation or handedness of the enantiomers; it is absent in the achiral form of the molecule. This observation demonstrates the possibility of determining molecular chirality in the adsorbed phase.

[The duodenal "Y" proximal jejunostomy: the reason of a new reconstructive choice after gastric surgery]. / La digiunostomia prossimale a "Y" duodenale: il perchè di una nuova scelta ricostruttiva dopo chirurgia gastrica.

The Author reports a new reconstructive technique after gastric surgery pointing out its advantages confirmed by few clinical cases. Some technical improvements are suggested.