ABSTRACT
The early experience of the United Kingdom (UK) is that influenza B has dominated the influenza 2012/13 season. Overall trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE) against all laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care was 51% (95% confidence interval (CI): 27% to 68%); TIV adjusted VE against influenza A alone or influenza B alone was 49% (95% CI: -2% to 75%) and 52% (95% CI: 23% to 70%) respectively. Vaccination remains the best protection against influenza.
Subject(s)
Influenza A virus/isolation & purification , Influenza B virus/isolation & purification , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Seasons , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Influenza A virus/genetics , Influenza A virus/immunology , Influenza B virus/genetics , Influenza B virus/immunology , Influenza Vaccines/immunology , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/virology , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Primary Health Care , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sentinel Surveillance , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment Outcome , United Kingdom/epidemiology , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Young AdultSubject(s)
Macrolides/therapeutic use , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/diagnosis , Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/epidemiology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , England/epidemiology , Female , Genetic Markers , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/drug effects , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genetics , Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/drug therapy , Population Surveillance , Prevalence , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Tandem Repeat Sequences , Wales/epidemiologyABSTRACT
This study provides mid-season estimates of the effectiveness of 2010/11 trivalent influenza vaccine and previous vaccination with monovalent influenza A(H1N1)2009 vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza A(H1N1)2009 infection in the United Kingdom in the 2010/11 season. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness was 34% (95% CI: -10 - 60%) if vaccinated only with monovalent vaccine in the 2009/10 season; 46% (95% CI: 7 - 69%) if vaccinated only with trivalent influenza vaccine in the 2010/11 season and 63% (95% CI: 37 - 78%) if vaccinated in both seasons.
Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology , Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Pandemics , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Influenza Vaccines/immunology , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Seasons , Sentinel Surveillance , Treatment Outcome , United Kingdom/epidemiology , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Young AdultABSTRACT
Determination of the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging has previously been shown to have greater sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy when performed with pharmacologic stress using dobutamine than by standard dose dipyridamole (SDD) or exercise stress testing (EST) prior to SPECT imaging. The use of lung to heart (L:H) ratios has been shown to be valuable in determining the presence or absence of left main (LM) or triple vessel (3V) CAD. No such work has been previously reported for dobutamine. Twenty-one patients were studied using dobutamine (n = 7) or EST (n = 14). These results were compared with results from Part II of this series of studies using high-dose dipyridamole (HDD) pharmacologic stress. In this study, patients underwent L:H ratio analysis following injection of 3 mCi of Tl-201, this provides sufficient time for thallium clearance from the blood pool. Results of the L:H ratios were compared with the results of coronary arteriographic (CA) evaluation. Patients who were "stressed" via EST demonstrated statistically greater (p
ABSTRACT
Determination of the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging has previously been shown to have greater sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy when performed with pharmacologic stress using high-dose dipyridamole (HDD), than by standard dose dipyridamole (SDD) or exercise stress (EST) prior to SPECT imaging. The use of lung-to-heart (L:H) ratios has been shown to be valuable in determining the presence or absence of left main (LM) or triple vessel (3V) CAD. Fifty-four patients were studied; HDD (n = 40) or EST (n = 14) was used for the study. These patients underwent L:H ratio analysis, in which anterior views were used 5-10 minutes after the injection of 3 mCi of T1-201. Results of the L:H ratios were compared with the diagnosis of epicardial CAD, as determined by coronary (CA) arteriography. Patients who were "stressed" using either HDD or EST demonstrated statistically greater (p < 0.001) L:H ratios if they had LM/3V CAD when compared with patients who had 0-2 significantly stenosed coronary arteries. Though L:H ratios were greater when HDD pharmacologic stress was used, there was no statistical (p = NS) differences between the two groups. Increased L:H ratios with HDD and EST provide excellent markers for LM/3V CAD using T1-201 imaging. Coupled with previously reported SPECT data, the use of HDD shows promise for increasing the diagnostic accuracy of SPECT imaging.
