ABSTRACT
Repeated exposures to bioactivated cytotoxicants such as naphthalene (NA) render the target population, Clara cells, resistant to further injury through a glutathione-dependent mechanism. The current studies were designed to test the hypothesis that the mechanism for tolerance is localized in Clara cells. We used three approaches to test this hypothesis. First, using airway explants from tolerant mice maintained in culture, we sought to determine if the mechanism of Clara cell tolerance was airway-specific. Second, using inhalation as the route of exposure, we sought to determine if Clara cells at all airways levels become tolerant to repeated inhalation exposures of NA. Third, by measuring gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) activity and expression we determined if tolerance to inhaled NA resulted from shifts in phase-II metabolism. Our results indicate that Clara cells in explants from tolerant mice remained tolerant to NA injury in culture. When mice were exposed to repeated inhalation exposures of NA (15 ppm), we found that Clara cells at all airway levels became tolerant. Expression and activity analysis revealed that gamma-GCS, the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis, is induced in tolerant Clara cells. Buthionine sulfoximine, a gamma-GCS inhibitor, was able to eliminate the resistance of these tolerant cells. We conclude: (1) the mechanism of NA tolerance in Clara cells is airway specific, (2) the specific mechanism allows Clara cells to become tolerant to NA vapor at levels relevant to human exposure, and (3) the mechanism of tolerance to inhaled NA is highly dependent on induction of the catalytic enzyme, gamma-GCS.
Subject(s)
Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Naphthalenes/toxicity , Administration, Inhalation , Animals , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Tolerance , Environmental Pollutants/administration & dosage , Epithelial Cells/enzymology , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase/metabolism , Glutathione Transferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Glutathione Transferase/biosynthesis , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Lung/drug effects , Lung/enzymology , Lung/metabolism , Male , Mice , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis , Naphthalenes/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Repeated exposures to the Clara cell cytotoxicant naphthalene (NA) result in target cell populations that become refractory to further injury. To determine whether tolerance occurs from specific adaptations favoring glutathione (GSH) resynthesis without broad shifts in cellular phenotype, mice were administered NA for 21 days. We found that gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) was induced in tolerant Clara cells by repeated exposures to NA. Treating tolerant mice with buthionine sulfoximine, a gamma-GCS inhibitor, eliminates resistance acquired by repeated exposures to NA. Broad phenotypic shifts were not present. Marker proteins of differentiation declined over the first 3 days in the development of tolerance, but returned to control levels at 14 and 21 days. Epithelial organizational structure and internal organelle composition in Clara cells from tolerant mice were similar compared to corn oil-treated controls, while subtle shifts in organelle distribution were present. We conclude that induction of gamma-GCS expression is coordinated with the development of NA tolerance, but induction of NA tolerance does not markedly alter Clara cell differentiation, epithelial organization, or organelle composition in bronchiolar epithelium.
