ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: HIV is a major public health issue affecting millions globally. Women and girls account for 46% of new HIV infections in 2022 and approximately 1.3 million females become pregnant every year. Vertical transmission of HIV from persons living with HIV (PLHIV) to infants may occur through different modalities, such as through breast/chest feeding. Notably, 82% of PLHIV who chose to breast/chest feed are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) when feeding their infants. Precise estimates of the risk of postpartum transmission to infants during breast/chest feeding at varying viral load levels remain a significant gap in the literature. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A rapid systematic search of electronic databases will be conducted from January 2005 to the present, including Medline, Embase and Global Health. The objective of this rapid review is to explore and assess the available evidence on the effect of varying viral load levels on the risk of HIV transmission to infants during breast/chest feeding when the birthing or gestational parent living with HIV is on ART. Study characteristics will be summarised and reported to support the narrative summary of the findings. The focus will be on the absolute risk of HIV transmission from birthing parent to infant during chest/breast feeding. The findings will also be stratified by month, including the risk of HIV transmission for 6 months and greater than 6 months postpartum. We will ascertain the risk of bias using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2, Quality of Prognosis Studies and Downs and Black checklist for the appropriate study type. A summary score will not be calculated, rather the strengths and limitations of the studies will be narratively described. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: No human subjects will be involved in the research. The findings of this rapid review will inform a future systematic review and will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, presentations and conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42024499393.
Subject(s)
Breast Feeding , HIV Infections , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Viral Load , Humans , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/transmission , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Research Design , Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Systematic Reviews as Topic , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Background: In 2018, the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) published a systematic review to calculate the risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the context of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In 2022, PHAC commissioned the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) to conduct a rapid review of evidence published since 2017. We undertook a meta-analysis of relevant studies from these two reviews. Methods: Studies from the rapid review that adequately assessed exposure (HIV viral load) and outcome (HIV seroconversion) were included and assessed for risk of bias (RoB) and certainty of evidence. Results were pooled to estimate the risk of HIV transmission per 100 person-years. Results: Three studies from the rapid review were eligible for inclusion and one was excluded after RoB assessment. In the remaining studies examining risk among people living with HIV who take ART and maintain a suppressed viral load (fewer than 200 copies/mL, measured every 4-6 months), no sexual transmissions of HIV were observed. The pooled incidence estimate based on these studies, and one from the 2018 PHAC review, was zero transmissions/100 person-years (95% CI: 0.00-0.10). No studies in the rapid review provided data on the risk of sexual transmission of HIV in situations of varying levels of viral load. Conclusion: This update highlights the consistency of evidence since the 2018 PHAC review. There remains no evidence of HIV transmission to sexual partners when a person living with HIV is on ART and maintains a suppressed viral load.
ABSTRACT
There is consensus that supporting fathers' involvement in their children's care is essential and that nurses can play an important role, facilitating this process. There is little evidence about how nurses' education as family nurses enable them to work with fathers. This study aimed to explore undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of their experience with fathers during family nursing clinical practicum. An exploratory descriptive qualitative study allowed twelve nursing students to participate in a one-hour interview, at a university of Central Canada. The critical incident technique was used for data collection and analysis was done with N Vivo7. Four themes reflected students' experiences: Experiencing critical events with fathers; Perceiving fathers and father involvement as important; Building a relationship with fathers and Reflecting upon formal education and clinical practicum. Family nurses need to revisit their attitudes towards fathers and make space for this important member of the family in health care situations.
Existe consenso de que apoiar o envolvimento dos pais no cuidado de seus filhos é essencial e que os enfermeiros desempenham um importante papel, facilitando esse processo. Há poucas evidências sobre como o ensino de enfermagem familiar capacita enfermeiros para trabalhar com pais. O estudo objetivou explorar a percepção de estudantes de enfermagem sobre suas experiências com pais durante a prática clínica de enfermagem familiar. Estudo qualitativo, descritivo-exploratório, com doze estudantes de enfermagem que participaram de uma entrevista de uma hora, em universidade canadense. Utilizou-se a técnica do incidente crítico para guiar a coleta dos dados e o N Vivo7 para análise. Quatro temas refletiram as experiências: Vivenciando eventos críticos com pais; Percebendo a importância dos pais; e seu envolvimento com eles; Construindo uma relação com os pais e Refletindo sobre a formação e a prática clínica. Enfermeiros da família necessitam rever suas atitudes e abrir espaço para este importante membro familiar nas situações de cuidado em saúde.
Existe consenso que apoyar la participación de los padres en el cuidado de sus niños es fundamental y que los enfermeros pueden ser facilitadores de este proceso. Hay pocas evidencias sobre como la educación de enfermeros de la familia les capacita para trabajar con padres. El estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar las percepciones de alumnos de pregrado en enfermería sobre sus experiencias con padres durante su pasantía clínica en enfermería familiar. Investigación cualitativa exploratoria y descriptiva con doce alumnos que participaron en una entrevista de una hora, en una universidad canadiense. Para el análisis se utilizó N Vivo7. Cuatro temas reflejaron las experiencias: Vivenciando eventos críticos con padres; Percibiendo padres y su involucramiento con ellos como importantes; Construyendo un relacionamiento con padres y Reflexionando sobre educación formal y pasantía clínica. Los enfermeros de la familia necesitan revisitar sus actitudes y abrir espacio para ese miembro importante de la familia en situaciones de atención a la salud.
