Assessing mechanical behavior of ostrich and equine trabecular and cortical bone based on depth sensing indentation measurements.

Guided bone regeneration surgeries are based on grafting a scaffold in the site to be repaired. The main focus of the scaffold is to provide mechanical support to newly formed blood vessels and cells that will colonize the grafted site, achiving bone regenertation. In this regards, the aim of this study was to characterize the anatomy, structular, surface morphologycal, chemical composition, and nanomechanical properties of ostrich and equine trabecular bone. Ostrich and equine specimens were obtained from a local abattoir and bone was obtained by blunt dissection, n = 5. Tissue bone anatomy and trabecular structure were measured using Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT). Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Energy dispersion spectrometry of X-ray (EDS) were used to examine surface morphology and chemical composition of the trabecular ostrich and equine bone. Mechanical behavior was analysted by nanoindentation. Equine specimens were examined as control. CAT results suggest that in terms of anthropometry, ostrich tarsometatarsus bone is more suitable due to its length is 432.56 ± 3.12 mm vs. the highest human bone structures reported, which femur length is 533.66 ± 18.81 mm. Besides, the low radiodensity in the Hounsfield scale exhibits equine trabecular bone more brittle (Av = 1538.4 ± 0.9) than ostrich trabecular bone (Av = 462.1 ± 1.5). EDS showed a slight variation of the element Calcium (Ca2+) ranging from 20% to 25.5% wt in equine bone; the Ca2+ content variation is consistent with the ring-shaped morphology, while in ostrich bone the chemical composition is homogeneous. The elastic modulus, nanohardness (E = 5.3 ± 0.7 GPa, H = 220 ± 10 MPa) and average roughness (Ra = 207 nm) are similar to the human trabecular bone which could reduce the stress shielding, all of these findings suggest that ostrich bone can be promising for native tissue scaffolds for mechanically demanding applications. This research makes innovative contributions to science and provides a framework, which will allow us to address future biomedical tests, and rapidly identify promising organic and sustainable waste for tissue scaffold.

High prevalence of chigger mite infection in a forest-specialist frog with evidence of parasite-related granulomatous myositis.

Amphibians are hosts for a wide variety of micro- and macro-parasites. Chigger mites from the Hannemania genus are known to infect a wide variety of amphibian species across the Americas. In Chile, three species (H. pattoni, H. gonzaleacunae and H. ortizi) have been described infecting native anurans; however, neither impacts nor the microscopic lesions associated with these parasites have been described. Here, we document 70% prevalence of chigger mite infection in Eupsophus roseus and absence of infection in Rhinoderma darwinii in the Nahuelbuta Range, Chile. Additionally, we describe the macroscopic and microscopic lesions produced by H. ortizi in one of these species, documenting previously undescribed lesions (granulomatous myositis) within the host's musculature. These findings highlight that further research to better understand the impacts of chigger mite infection on amphibians is urgently required in Chile and elsewhere.

Complicaciones neurológicas de tuberculosis en pacientes pediátricos y adultos: estudio de cinco años en el Hospital Escuela / Neurological complications of tuberculosis in pediatric and adult patients: 5-years study in the Hospital Escuela

Se efectuó un estudio retrospectivo (Enero 1980-Diciembre 1984) de 69 expedientes de pacientes Pediátricos y Adultos, con diagnóstico de Tuberculosis del sistema nervioso, ingresados al Hospital Escuela de Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Las bases para el diagnóstico fueron clínicas, visualización directa del bacilo tuberculoso, cultivos positivos, patología y respuesta favorable al tratamiento. Se observó un aumento en los años del 80 al 82 siendo la Meningitis Craneal la más frecuente (92%). La población menor de 14 años fué la más afectada (54%) con la diferencia significativa para los varones de igual edad (61%). Las manifestaciones clínicas de la Meningitis Craneal fueron: Cefaléa, fiebre y vómitos: las de meningitis espinal: Fiebre, astenia y trastornos motores de miembros inferiores y los de Tuberculona craneal: Hipertensión Endocraneana. El diagnóstico al ingreso fué correcto en el 52% de los casos y los métodos de estudio de mayor utilidad fueron: Epidemiológicos Análisis Citoquímico del Líquido Cefalorraquídeo y la Radiografía de Tórax. La Terapia establecida en el 82% de los casos antes de el séptimo día de hospitalización y la mortalidad fué de el 6% egresando en igual estado el 13%. La baja mortalidad derivó de un diagnóstico oportuno en base a elementos sensibles