Full-spectrum cannabidiol reduces UVB damage through the inhibition of TGF-ß1 and the NLRP3 inflammasome.

The thermodynamic characteristics, antioxidant potential, and photoprotective benefits of full-spectrum cannabidiol (FS-CBD) against UVB-induced cellular death were examined in this study. In silico analysis of CBD showed antioxidant capacity via proton donation and UV absorption at 209.09, 254.73, and 276.95 nm, according to the HAT and SPLET methodologies. FS-CBD protected against UVB-induced bacterial death for 30 min. FS-CBD protected against UVB-induced cell death by 42% (1.5 µg/mL) and 35% (3.5 µg/mL) in an in vitro keratinocyte cell model. An in vivo acute irradiated CD-1et/et mouse model (UVB-irradiated for 5 min) presented very low photoprotection when FS-CBD was applied cutaneously, as determined by histological analyses. In vivo skin samples showed that FS-CBD regulated inflammatory responses by inhibiting the inflammatory markers TGF-ß1 and NLRP3. The docking analysis showed that the CBD molecule had a high affinity for TGF-ß1 and NLRP3, indicating that protection against inflammation might be mediated by blocking these proinflammatory molecules. This result was corroborated by the docking interactions between CBD and TGF-ß1 and NLRP3, which resulted in a high affinity and inhibition of both proteins The present work suggested a FS-CBD moderate photoprotective agent against UVB light-induced skin damage and that this effect is partially mediated by its anti-inflammatory activity.

Publisher Correction: Dimensional ensemble and (topological) fracton thermodynamics: the slow route to equilibrium.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Dimensional ensemble and (topological) fracton thermodynamics: the slow route to equilibrium.

The use of the dimensional-ensemble becomes compulsory when spatial dimensions are not well defined. Consequently, apart from temperature, thermodynamic equilibrium requires an additional configurational parameter. Two representative cases are considered in detail: oscillators with undefined spatial dimension and topological fractons. Spatial dimension and energy are determined as a function of temperature in both cases. At low temperatures, specific heat behaves exponentially, meaning it creates a slow route to equilibrium. In accordance with experiments, calculations suggest that the spatial dimension diminishes when temperature decreases. Parameter values are computed using data obtained from almost two-dimensional graphene and porous compounds.

Flavonol glycosides in Dyssodia tagetiflora and its temporal variation, chemoprotective and ameliorating activities.

Dyssodia tagetiflora is known as 'Tzaracata' and 'flor de muerto'. Recently, D. tagetiflora has been reported to have antioxidant activities in its polar extracts as well as insecticidal activities. Hyperoside (1), avicularin (2) and avicularin acetate (3) have been isolated previously. However, the temporary variation in glycoside flavonoids biosynthesis, as well as antibacterial and chemoprotective activities, have not been reported. The amount of 1, 2 and 3 in the different collections was characterized by HPLC-MS. Two new C-glycosides were characterized, quercetin-4'-methyl ether 6-C glucoside (A1) and quercetin-4'-methyl ether 8-C glucoside (A2), as well as [2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxochromen-3-yl]3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2,6-dicarboxylate (A3). This is the first report of the presence of C-C flavonoid glycosides compounds in the genus Dyssodia. Hyperoside was the majority compound at all collections. The methanolic extracts of August 2016 and October 2017 were active against Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtillis. The methanolic extract has chemoprotective effects because, when applied topically in SKH-1 mice, it decreases the severity of epidermal damage induced by acute exposure to ultraviolet radiation. In addition, cutaneous photocarcinogenesis was decreased in mice treated with the extract. The methanolic extract of D. tagetiflora has chemoprotective properties by decreasing the damage caused by acute and chronic exposure to UV in mice.

Dirac fermions duality in graphene: Ripples and fractional dimensions as function of temperature.

Graphene consists of coupled direct/dual fermionic sub-systems and, consequently, the thermal properties of both are intrinsically correlated. The dual is characterized by negative temperatures, and its free energy keeps opposite sign concerning the direct. The growth of ripples in graphene becomes related to temperature rises with fractional spatial dimension ~2.19 at 300 °K. An analytical, and suitable, expression for ripples dimension as a function of temperature is presented. Further, internal energy, entropy, specific heat and free energy are evaluated as a function of temperature and dimension for both sub-systems. Free energy supports a simple, functional expression inversely proportional to ripples dimension.

Mean-field crack networks on desiccated films and their applications: Girl with a Pearl Earring.

Usual requirements for bulk and fissure energies are considered in obtaining the interdependence among external stress, thickness and area of crack polygons in desiccated films. The average area of crack polygons increases with thickness as a power-law of 4/3. The sequential fragmentation process is characterized by a topological factor related to a scaling finite procedure. Non-sequential overly tensioned (prompt) fragmentation is briefly discussed. Vermeer's painting, Girl with a Pearl Earring, is considered explicitly by using computational image tools and simple experiments and applying the proposed theoretical analysis. In particular, concerning the source of lightened effects on the girl's face, the left/right thickness layer ratio (≈1.34) and the stress ratio (≈1.102) are evaluated. Other master paintings are briefly considered.

Lippia graveolens photochemopreventive effect against UVB radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis.

Lippia graveolens HBK (Mexican oregano) is a species that is regularly used as a condiment in Mexican cuisine. In traditional medicine, it is used for the treatment of respiratory and digestive illnesses, headaches, rheumatism and inflammation-related disorders. The main chemical components reported in this species include the following: terpenoids, iridoids and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to determine the potential photochemopreventive effect of the methanolic extract of Lippia graveolens (MELG) against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin cancer in SKH-1 mice. The phenolic content, radical scavenger activity, penetration and genotoxicity of the MELG were also evaluated. The MELG exhibited scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, and it did not exhibit genotoxic activity in the micronucleus test. In addition, the MELG absorbed UVB (280nm) electromagnetic radiation. The main components detected in the plant extract were naringenin and galangin, and pinocembrin was also isolated and identified through spectroscopic analysis. The MELG demonstrated a photoprotective effect against UVB-induced cell death in Escherichia coli. In chronic challenge experiments, the MELG protected against UVB-induced skin cancer in SKH-1 mice. The MELG penetrated the skin of mice. Topical administration of the MELG protected against chronic UVB-induced damage in mouse SKH-1 skin. Our results suggest that the MELG has photochemopreventive activity and may potentially prevent photo-tumorigenesis.

Competitive Exclusion and Axiomatic Set-Theory: De Morgan's Laws, Ecological Virtual Processes, Symmetries and Frozen Diversity.

This work applies the competitive exclusion principle and the concept of potential competitors as simple axiomatic tools to generalized situations in ecology. These tools enable apparent competition and its dual counterpart to be explicitly evaluated in poorly understood ecological systems. Within this set-theory framework we explore theoretical symmetries and invariances, De Morgan's laws, frozen evolutionary diversity and virtual processes. In particular, we find that the exclusion principle compromises the geometrical growth of the number of species. By theoretical extending this principle, we can describe interspecific depredation in the dual case. This study also briefly considers the debated situation of intraspecific competition. The ecological consequences of our findings are discussed; particularly, the use of our framework to reinterpret coupled mathematical differential equations describing certain ecological processes.

A non-linear mathematical model for a three species ecosystem: Hippos in Lake Edward.

In this work we study a non-linear mathematical model based on three different interacting species. We apply our model to Lake Edward ecosystem consisting in hippos, tilapia fishes and human inhabitants. In this case, we estimate the values of the key parameters using actual data and show the reliability of the proposed model as a predictive tool. We also show, via numerical calculations and parameter values that the ecosystem associated to the lake is very far from reaching a stable equilibrium. Through our analysis we provide the conditions for a possible coexistence among the three species.

Oxygen-participated electrochemistry of new lithium-rich layered oxides Li3MRuO5 (M = Mn, Fe).

We describe the synthesis, crystal structure and lithium deinsertion-insertion electrochemistry of two new lithium-rich layered oxides, Li3MRuO5 (M = Mn, Fe), related to rock salt based Li2MnO3 and LiCoO2. The Li3MnRuO5 oxide adopts a structure related to Li2MnO3 (C2/m) where Li and (Li0.2Mn0.4Ru0.4) layers alternate along the c-axis, while the Li3FeRuO5 oxide adopts a near-perfect LiCoO2 (R3[combining macron]m) structure where Li and (Li0.2Fe0.4Ru0.4) layers are stacked alternately. Magnetic measurements indicate for Li3MnRuO5 the presence of Mn(3+) and low spin configuration for Ru(4+) where the itinerant electrons occupy a π*-band. The onset of a net maximum in the χ vs. T plot at 9.5 K and the negative value of the Weiss constant (θ) of -31.4 K indicate the presence of antiferromagnetic superexchange interactions according to different pathways. Lithium electrochemistry shows a similar behaviour for both oxides and related to the typical behaviour of Li-rich layered oxides where participation of oxide ions in the electrochemical processes is usually found. A long first charge process with capacities of 240 mA h g(-1) (2.3 Li per f.u.) and 144 mA h g(-1) (1.38 Li per f.u.) is observed for Li3MnRuO5 and Li3FeRuO5, respectively. An initial sloping region (OCV to ca. 4.1 V) is followed by a long plateau (ca. 4.3 V). Further discharge-charge cycling points to partial reversibility (ca. 160 mA h g(-1) and 45 mA h g(-1) for Mn and Fe, respectively). Nevertheless, just after a few cycles, cell failure is observed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterisation of both pristine and electrochemically oxidized Li3MRuO5 reveals that in the Li3MnRuO5 oxide, Mn(3+) and Ru(4+) are partially oxidized to Mn(4+) and Ru(5+) in the sloping region at low voltage, while in the long plateau, O(2-) is also oxidized. Oxygen release likely occurs which may be the cause for failure of cells upon cycling. Interestingly, some other Li-rich layered oxides have been reported to cycle acceptably even with the participation of the O(2-) ligand in the reversible redox processes. In the Li3FeRuO5 oxide, the oxidation process appears to affect only Ru (4+ to 5+ in the sloping region) and O(2-) (plateau) while Fe seems to retain its 3+ state.

A-site sub-stoichiometry and oxygen vacancies as the origin of the electrical properties of Sr2-yLuNb1-xTixO6-δ perovskite-like materials.

Aliovalent substitution of Nb(5+) by Ti(4+) in Sr2LuNbO6 is limited to 10% of Nb atoms. A full structural determination by NPD confirms this and reveals that the structure is better described as a superstructure of the simple cubic perovskite (as previously reported) with the monoclinic cell 2(1/2)ap× 2(1/2)ap× 2ap and ß≈ 90° (S.G. P21/n). The substituted materials present both oxygen-vacancies induced by charge compensation and Sr-deficiency. Therefore, their formula should be given as Sr2-yLuNb1-xTixO6-δ. Electrical properties can be fully understood considering these compositional defects. The parent compound Sr2LuNbO6 presents low electrical conductivity in air, which improves by more than one order of magnitude upon Ti substitution. In any case, the title oxides show low electrical conductivity in a wide oxygen partial pressure (pO2) range (10(-25) atm ≤pO2≤ 10(-1) atm). At high pO2 the conductivity increases with pO2 due to oxygen-vacancy annihilation and hole creation, according to a general p-type semiconducting mechanism; A-site substoichiometry and Ti-substitution are the origin of this behaviour. In the low pO2 region, the conductivity increases as the oxygen partial pressure decreases. Reduction of cations, Nb(5+) or Ti(4+), supports n-type conduction by electrons and oxygen vacancy creation. For the intermediate pO2 range a low ionic conduction contribution is observed. Although the estimated ionic conductivity is not high in the substituted compounds, the strategy seems to be valid since a significant enhancement of ionic conduction is observed upon aliovalent substitution.

Lisis de adherencias epidurales (Parte 2). Técnica intervencionista / No disponible

La técnica lisis de adherencias epidurales se basa en la introducción de catéteres a través de agujas especiales con una técnica determinada para permitir colocar soluciones en lugares de difícil acceso, con el objeto de resolver cuadros crónicos de fibrosis o inflamación. Las soluciones como hialuronidasa y solución fisiológica hipertónica principalmente permiten provocar la lisis de las adherencias resultantes de la patología. Se desarrollan en esta publicación las distintas alternativas para aplicar correctamente la técnica en los distintos niveles de la columna vertebral. La técnica ha evolucionado desde la inyección a través de agujas de Tuhoy convencionales de soluciones con alguna propiedad neurolítica hasta las modernas agujas y catéteres con mapeo que permiten posicionar a distancia la solución deseada cerca de la raíz y/o el foramen indicados. Las dolencias y consultas médicas afectan más frecuentemente el segmento sacrolumbar pero las distintas entidades nosológicas, que derivan en tratamientos clínicos y quirúrgicos, pueden provocar dolor en el canal raquídeo, discos, estructuras vegetativas o en las raíces en cualquier segmento de la columna. Muchas de estas patologías especialmente después de tratamientos quirúrgicos provocan cuadros inflamatorios y adherencias epidurales, que evolucionan frecuentemente a cuadros de dolor crónico. Toda la fisiopatología e indicación de la presente técnica se desarrolla en la Parte 1 de esta publicación. En esta publicación describimos las técnicas para realizar las técnicas de lisis de adherencias a todos los niveles de la columna vertebral. Se explica minuciosamente la técnica caudal, lumbar, torácica y cervical, las soluciones que se administran, que catéteres en cada caso, la técnicas kinesiológicas de frotado neural y el mapeo epidural. Todas las técnicas explicadas son acompañadas al final de la publicación por una “Galería de Imágenes”. Se indica, el uso adecuado de las imágenes, las diferencias de volumen en cada caso, diagramas y posturas kinésicas recomendadas. Asimismo en cada caso se dan los tips para evitar las posibles complicaciones (AU)

This technique consists in the use of catheters and special needles to introduce solutions into difficult access sites in order to treat fibrosis or chronic inflammation conditions. Solutions such as hyaluronidase and hypertonic saline solution can be used for the lysis of adhesions caused by the pathology. This paper refers to different alternatives to correctly apply the technique at different spine levels. The technique has evolved from the conventional Tuhoy solution needles with some neurolitic properties to modern mapping needles and catheters that permit to position the desired solution at a distance, close to the desired root and/or foramen. The most frequently affected area is the sacrolumbar segment, but different nosological entities that require clinical or surgical treatments may cause pain in the spinal canal, discs, vegetative structures or roots in any spinal segment. Many of these pathologies, most particularly after surgical treatments, cause inflammatory conditions and epidural adhesions that frequently lead to chronic pain. The pathophysiology and indication of this technique is developed in Part 1 of this publication. This paper describes the techniques to perform lysis of adhesions at all spine levels. A thorough description is made of the caudal, lumbar, thoracic and cervical technique, the solutions administered, the catheters that are used in each case and physical therapy techniques for neural and epidural mapping. All techniques described are illustrated by an “Image gallery” for each procedure. The appropriate use of images is indicated with volume differences in each case. Tips for preventing complications are given (AU)

Intermittence for humans spreading 45,000 years ago: from Eurasia to the Americas.

From northeastern Eurasia to the Americas, a three-stage spread of modern humans is considered through large-scale intermittence (exploitation/relocation). Conceptually, this work supports intermittence as a real strategy for colonization of new habitats. For the first stage, northeastern Eurasia travel, we adapt our model to archaeological dates determining the diffusion coefficient (exploitation phase) as D = 299.44 km2/yr and the velocity parameter (relocation phase) as vo = 4.8944 km/yr. The relative phase weight (✧0.46) between both kinds of motions is consistent with a moderate biological population rate (r΄ ✧ 0.0046/yr). The second stage is related to population fragmentation. The last stage, reaching Alaska, corresponds essentially to relocation (vo ✧ 0.75 km/yr).

Lisis de adherencias epidurales (Parte 1). Fisiopatología y clínica / No disponible

Según estudios epidemiológicos toda la población tiene altas probabilidades de sufrir dolor lumbar en algún momento de su vida. Este cuadro suele ser reconocido como lumbalgia o lumbociática. En su forma clínica más común se observa mejoría rápida y solo presentan síntomas persistentes 5-10% de los casos (1). En la década de 1990 en EEUU, el sector salud registró costes estimados en miles de millones de dólares destinados al tratamiento del dolor lumbar, y teniendo en cuenta la tendencia a la búsqueda de una mayor expectativa de vida de la población, solo se puede esperar que los costes aumenten (2,3). El tratamiento comienza generalmente con medidas conservadoras, tales como medicación oral y terapia física, y puede incluir múltiples opciones intervencionistas invasivas para controlar el dolor. En ciertas ocasiones es necesario recurrir a cirugía para los pacientes que tienen déficit neurológico progresivo o para aquellos que están refractarios a otras terapéuticas. A veces el médico se encuentra frente a un dilema, después de una primera cirugía, con respecto a si se debería repetir la cirugía o intentar otra técnica alternativa. Este es el principal problema en el cual la liberación epidural de adherencias puede permitir "evitar cirugías". Se ha demostrado que esta técnica libera los nervios y disminuye la formación de cicatrices, lleva los anestésicos locales y los corticoides a sitios específicos y reduce el edema al usar hialuronidasa y solución salina hipertónica (15,16). La liberación epidural de adherencias ha demostrado eficacia para provocar reducción del dolor y de los síntomas neurológicos sin incurrir en los altos costes y el ocasionalmente largo periodo de recuperación que implica la repetición de la cirugía. En muchos casos previene la necesidad de una primera intervención quirúrgica (6,10). La liberación epidural de las adherencias ha sido calificada con un alto nivel de evidencia, que se correlaciona con un nivel de evidencia 1B o 1C para el síndrome post-cirugía lumbar, según las últimas guías basadas en la evidencia publicadas por la Asociación Americana de Médicos Intervencionistas especialistas en el Tratamiento del Dolor. Esto significa que la terapéutica se basa en estudios observacionales y en series de casos junto a ensayos randomizados y controlados. También según esta publicación se ha recomendado que esta terapéutica pueda aplicarse como primera indicación en muchas circunstancias en pacientes con dolor refractario (6-10). La técnica goza de un reconocimiento creciente en EE.UU. y en muchos otros países. Actualmente se le han asignado códigos conocidos como CPT (códigos de terminología de procedimiento) a los dos tipos de liberación de adherencias en EE.UU., CPT 62263 para tres inyecciones en el curso de 2-3 días, en general para pacientes hospitalizados, y CPT 62264 para las series de una sola inyección en el modelo de centro quirúrgico, que puede repetirse de 3 a 3,5 veces en un periodo de 12 meses. Pero lo mismo ocurre en España, Italia o Corea del Sur, entre otros. En la presente revisión se revisará la epidemiología, fisiopatología y las indicaciones hasta la preparación del paciente (AU)

Chances are relatively high that each of us will experience low back pain at some point in our lives. The usual course is rapid improvement with 5-10% developing persistent symptoms (1). In the 1990’s, the estimated cost of low back pain to the health industry was in the billions of dollars, and with a larger proportion of our population now reported to be older, this number can only be expected to increase (2,3). Treatment typically begins with conservative measures such as medication and physical therapy and may even include minimally and highly invasive pain management interventions. Surgery is sometimes required in patients who have progressive neurological deficits or those who have other therapies. A quandary sometimes arises, following a primary surgery, as to whether repeat surgery should be attempted or another alternative technique should be tried. This is the exact problem that the epidural adhesiolysis procedure was has a significant surgery sparing role that can help. It was shown to free up nerves and to break down scar formation, deliver site-specific corticosteroids and local anesthetics, and reduce edema with the use of hyaluronidase and hypertonic saline. Epidural adhesiolysis has afforded patients a reduction in pain and neurological symptoms without the expense and occasional long recovery period associated with repeat surgery, and often prevents the need for surgical intervention. This is the reason that Epidural Adhesiolysis was given an evidence rating of strong correlating to a 1B or 1C evidence level for Post-Lumbar Surgery Syndrome in the most recent American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians evidence-based guidelines. This suggests that the therapy is supported by observational studies and case series along with randomized-control trials. Recommendation was also made that this therapy could apply to most patients in most circumstances without reservations. Additionally CPT codes have been assigned to the two different kinds of adhesiolysis, CPT 62263 for the three times injections over 2-3 days, usually done as in patient hospital setting and CPT 62264 for the one time injection series surgery-center model that may need to be repeated 3 to 3.5 times in a 12 months period time. In this review we talk about from the patophisiology and epidemiology to indications and patient preparation (AU)

Effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles to fish and mammalian cell lines: An assessment of cytotoxicity and methodology.

Two cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO(2) NPs) and one micro-sized CeO(2) particle were thoroughly characterized in their pristine form, in water and in cell culture medium. The particles were tested for cytotoxicity to the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line or the RTG-2 rainbow trout gonadal cell line by means of four standard cytotoxicity assays. Nominal concentrations were verified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and methods were assessed for their suitability to detect reliably adverse effects due to particle exposure. All three particles showed aggregation in water and media. In the H4IIE cell line, the MTT cytotoxicity test revealed that negative effects could be observed for the CeO(2) NPs after 24h and for all particles after 72h of exposure, making the effects size, concentration and time dependent. No negative effect for the concentrations tested was detected for the remaining three assays and the RTG-2 cell line, making the MTT assay and the H4IIE cell line an appropriate system to assess adverse effects of CeO(2) NPs. A verification of the nominal concentration through ICP-MS revealed that there was a discrepancy between nominal and measured concentration depending on concentration and particle tested. Interferences of particles with assays were found to be present and need to be taken into consideration.

Full structural and electrochemical characterization of Li2Ti6O13 as anode for Li-ion batteries.

A detailed structural and electrochemical study of the ion exchanged Li(2)Ti(6)O(13) titanate as a new anode for Li-ion batteries is presented. Subtle structural differences between the parent Na(2)Ti(6)O(13), where Na is in an eightfold coordinated site, and the Li-derivative, where Li is fourfold coordinated, determine important differences in the electrochemical behaviour. While the Li insertion in Na(2)Ti(6)O(13) proceeds reversibly the reaction of lithium with Li(2)Ti(6)O(13) is accompanied by an irreversible phase transformation after the first discharge. Interestingly, this new phase undergoes reversible Li insertion reaction developing a capacity of 170 mAh g(-1) at an average voltage of 1.7 V vs. Li(+)/Li. Compared with other titanates this result is promising to develop a new anode material for lithium ion rechargeable batteries. Neutron powder diffraction revealed that Na in Na(2)Ti(6)O(13) and Li in Li(2)Ti(6)O(13) obtained by Na/Li ion exchange at 325 °C occupy different tunnel sites within the basically same (Ti(6)O(13))(2-) framework. On the other hand, electrochemical performance of Li(2)Ti(6)O(13) itself and the phase released after the first full discharge is strongly affected by the synthesis temperature. For example, heating Li(2)Ti(6)O(13) at 350 °C produces a drastic decrease of the reversible capacity of the phase obtained after full discharge, from 170 mAh g(-1) to ca. 90 mAh g(-1). This latter value has been reported for Li(2)Ti(6)O(13) prepared by ion exchange at higher temperature.

Stability in air of silver and silver oxide nanoparticle shells deposited over silica spheres without using coupling agents.

The deposition of silver nanoparticles on the surface of silica was carried out using our simple, robust and rapid chemical method without surface modification of silica or added coupling agents. The process was carried out at room temperature using water/methanol mixtures, tetraethyl orthosilicate as Si source and silver nanoparticles (NPs) in a single-pot reaction. Using EDS, XRD, HRTEM and High Angle Annular Dark Field (HAADF) STEM characterization techniques, we have found the coexistence of silver NPs and silver oxides NPs anchored to the surface of sub-micron silica spheres, with Ag NPs predominating sizes around 2-3 nm approximately, and Ag2O NPs sizes over 10 nm.

A mathematical model for the Andean Tiwanaku civilization collapse: climate variations.

We propose a mathematical nonlinear model for the Tiwanaku civilization collapse based on the assumption, supported by archeological data, that a drought caused a lack of the main resource, water. We evaluate the parameter of our model using archaeological data. According to our numerical simulation the population core should have decreased from 45,000 to 2000 inhabitants due to lake surface contraction.

Diffusion coefficient of modern humans outcompeting Neanderthals.

A nonlinear mathematical model is used to describe Neanderthals extinction about 35,000 years before present. Using archaeological data, radiocarbon re-calibrate speed among others, we show that the diffusion coefficient describing Modern Humans spread corresponds to 1596 km(2)/yr. The model is well established since all archaeological parameters, including Neanderthal-Modern interaction coefficient, become estimated.

Late renal vein thrombosis associated with recurrence of membranous nephropathy in a renal allograft: a case report.

Allograft renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is an uncommon but potentially catastrophic complication. Although it usually occurs in the early posttransplant period and is associated with surgical complications or vascular rejection, it may develop later, when it is generally related with a hypercoagulable state. Typical clinical presentation is sudden oligoanuric acute renal failure, and hematuria, with a painful and swollen renal allograft. Confirmation of the diagnosis requires Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography. Herein we have reported a successfully treated case of late RVT that developed in an allograft with recurrent membranous nephropathy associated with the nephrotic syndrome. The patient fully recovered renal graft function a few days after presentation, which was related to anticoagulant therapy. We demonstrated complete recanalization of the venous thrombosis.