1H NMR Profiling of the Venom from Hylesia continua: Implications of Small Molecules for Lepidopterism.

Lepidopterism caused by caterpillar contact is considered a public health problem around the world. The local and systemic responses of this pathology include short- and long-term inflammatory events. Although the proteolytic activity of the venoms from caterpillars is strongly associated with an inflammatory response in humans and murine models, fast and acute symptoms such as a burning sensation, itching, and pain should be related to the presence of low-weight hydrophilic molecules which easily influence cell metabolism. This investigation reports on the 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) profiling of the venom from the larva of Hylesia continua, a caterpillar linked to frequent cases of lepidopterism in the northern highlands of Puebla, Mexico. According to one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR data, the venom of H. continua contained 19 compounds with proven pain-inducing activity (i.e., acetic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, succinic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, ethanol, and glutamate), inflammatory activity (i.e., cadaverine, putrescine, and acetoin), as well as natural immunosuppressive activity (i.e., O-phosphocholine and urocanic acid). The levels of the 19 compounds were calculated using quantitative-NMR (qNMR) and extensively discussed on the basis of their toxic properties which partially explain typical symptoms of lepidopterism caused by the larvae of H. continua. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation reporting a complex mixture of small molecules with inflammatory properties dissolved in the venom of a lepidopteran larva.

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Spondias purpurea Seeds in a Diabetic Zebrafish Model.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic degenerative disease characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood. It is associated with an absolute or relative deficiency in the production and/or action of insulin. Some of the complications associated with DM are heart disease, retinopathy, kidney disease, and neuropathy; therefore, new natural alternatives are being sought to control the disease. In this work, we evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Spondias purpurea seed methanol extract (CSM) in vitro and in a glucose-induced diabetic zebrafish model. CSM is capable of lowering blood glucose and cholesterol levels, as well as forming advanced glycation end-products, while not presenting toxic effects at the concentrations evaluated. These data show that CSM has a promising antidiabetic effect and may be useful in reducing some of the pathologies associated with diabetes mellitus.

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Potential of Extracts of Urtica dioica, Apium graveolens, and Zingiber officinale in Mice, Zebrafish, and Pancreatic ß-Cell.

Medicinal plants are commonly used in the treatment of diabetes, particularly as they contain flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The present study aims to investigate the activities of a polyherbal formulation made from Urtica dioica, Apium graveolens, and Zingiber officinale (UAZ) against streptozotocin-nicotinamide ((STZ-NA)-induced type 2 diabetes in CD1 mice, glucose-induced type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in zebrafish, and high glucose-induced damage in RINm5F pancreatic ß-cells. In fasting mice, plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and lipid profiles were significantly increased, whereas insulin, enzymatic antioxidants, and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes were altered significantly in diabetic mice. Zebrafish had similar glucose levels, liver enzymes, and lipid profiles compared to mice. The study investigated the effects of the extract in enhancing cell viability, insulin secretion, and reducing lipid peroxidation and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in RINm5F cells damaged by high glucose. All the above biochemical parameters were enhanced in both mice and zebrafish treated; the combined extract UAZ normalized all the biochemical parameters. The medicinal plant extracts, used either separately or in combination, ameliorated the adverse effect of glucose on cell viability and functionality of beta-RINm5F cells.

3'-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-α,4,2',4',6'-pentahydroxy-dihydrochalcone, from Bark of Eysenhardtia polystachya Prevents Diabetic Nephropathy via Inhibiting Protein Glycation in STZ-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Mice.

Previous studies have shown that accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be the cause of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in diabetic patients. Dihydrochalcone 3'-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl α,4,2',4',6'-pentahydroxy⁻dihydrochalcone (1) is a powerful antiglycation compound previously isolated from Eysenhardtia polystachya. The aim was to investigate whether (1) was able to protect against diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, which displayed renal dysfunction markers such as body weight, creatinine, uric acid, serum urea, total urinary protein, and urea nitrogen in the blood (BUN). In addition, pathological changes were evaluated including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the kidney, as well as in circulation level and pro-inflammatory markers ICAM-1 levels in diabetic mice. After 5 weeks, these elevated markers of dihydrochalcone treatment (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) were significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated. In addition, they ameliorate the indices of renal inflammation as indicated by ICAM-1 markers. The kidney and circulatory AGEs levels in diabetic mice were significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated by (1) treatment. Histological analysis of kidney tissues showed an important recovery in its structure compared with the diabetic group. It was found that the compound (1) attenuated the renal damage in diabetic mice by inhibiting AGEs formation.

Effect of chronic administration of hexane extract of Byrsonima crassifolia seed on B-cell and pancreatic oxidative parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat.

BACKGROUND: In Mexican traditional medicine, the seeds of Byrsonima crassifolia have been used in the treatment of diabetes, rheumatism and for wound healing. The aim was to evaluate the effect of seeds of B. crassifolia on insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, we evaluated the beneficial effect of seeds B. crassifolia streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Insulin level; insulin sensitivity index, insulin content in pancreas, malonaldehyde, nitric oxide contents, oxidative stress parameters were assayed. Serum glucose levels were determined by the glucose oxidase method. To determine the insulin releasing activity, after extract treatment, the pancreas was excised. Pancreatic sections were processed for examination of insulin-releasing activity using an imunocytochemistry kit. RESULTS: Administration of the hexane extract (200 and 400 mg/kg), exhibited a significant reduction in serum glucose. Administration of streptozotocin decreased the number of beta cells with insulin secretory activity in comparison with intact rats; but treatment with the B. crassifolia seed extract increased significantly the activity of the beta cells in comparison with the diabetic control rats. The extract decreased serum glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and increased insulin release from the beta cells of the pancreas. CONCLUSION: These finding suggest that B. crassifolia seed has beneficial effect for diabetes through decreasing blood glucose and lipid levels, increasing insulin sensitivity index and insulin content, up-regulating antioxidant enzyme activity and decreasing lipid peroxidation.

Síndrome de Eagle: caso clínico / Eagle syndrome: a clinical case

Se presenta una descripción de las estructuras involucradas en el Síndrome de Eagle o síndrome la apófisis estiloides y sus manifestacionesclínico-radiográficas en referencia a un caso clínico, su diagnóstico diferencial y tratamiento. El objetivo de esta presentación es identificar al Síndrome de Eagle o Síndrome de la apófisis estiloides, mostrando sus características anatómicas, fisiológicas, su diagnóstico por imágenes y su tratamiento...

Ameliorative Effect of Hexane Extract of Phalaris canariensis on High Fat Diet-Induced Obese and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice.

Obesity is one of the major factors to increase various disorders like diabetes. The present paper emphasizes study related to the antiobesity effect of Phalaris canariensis seeds hexane extract (Al-H) in high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced obese CD1 mice and in streptozotocin-induced mild diabetic (MD) and severely diabetic (SD) mice.AL-H was orally administered to MD and SD mice at a dose of 400 mg/kg once a day for 30 days, and a set of biochemical parameters were studied: glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, liver and muscle glycogen, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, glucose-6-phosphatase, glucokinase, hexokinase, SOD, CAT, GSH, GPX activities, and the effect on insulin level. HS-H significantly reduced the intake of food and water and body weight loss as well as levels of blood glucose, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein, oxidative stress, showed a protective hepatic effect, and increased HDL-cholesterol, serum insulin in diabetic mice. The mice fed on the high-fat diet and treated with AL-H showed inhibitory activity on the lipid metabolism decreasing body weight and weight of the liver and visceral adipose tissues and cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver. We conclude that AL-H can efficiently reduce serum glucose and inhibit insulin resistance, lipid abnormalities, and oxidative stress in MD and SD mice. Our results demonstrate an antiobesity effect reducing lipid droplet accumulation in the liver, indicating that its therapeutic properties may be due to the interaction plant components soluble in the hexane extract, with any of the multiple targets involved in obesity and diabetes pathogenesis.

Antimicrobial activities of diterpene labdane from seeds of Byrsonima crassifolia / Actividad antimicrobial de diterpenos labdanos de la semilla de Byrsonima crassifolia

Two compounds from the hexane extract of seeds of Byrsonima crassifolia were isolated and their structures elucidated using extensive spectroscopic analyses. These compounds are derived from the new labdane diterpene Labda-17-(1) and the known antimicrobial Labda-8 (17)-(2). The present study was aimed to study the effect antimicrobial of novel diterpene 1 against bacterial pathogens showed a moderate activity with MIC values 18.79-70.12 ug/ml and a MBC ranging between 250-1000 ug/ml against all assayed microorganisms.

Se aislaron dos compuestos del extracto de hexano de semillas de Byrsonima crassifolia y sus estructuras se dilucidaron por medio de extensos análisis espectroscópicos. Estos compuestos derivados del labdano corresponden al nuevo diterpeno Labda-17- (1) y el conocido antimicrobiano Labda-8(17)-(2). En el presente estudio se estudió el efecto antimicrobiano del nuevo diterpeno 1 sobre algunas bacterias patógenas mostrando sobre de estas una actividad moderada, con valores de MIC de 18.79-70.12 ug/ml y un rango de MBC que oscila entre 250-1000 ug/ml frente a todos los microorganismos ensayados.

Multidisciplinary orthodontic treatment in adult patients: the future of orthodontics.

There is currently great demand among adult patients for aesthetic solutions. In the great majority of cases, patients present with serious oral problems in their mouths, such as over-crowding, ageneses, edentulous spaces from old extractions, periodontal problems, etc. In the face of all these problems we need interdisciplinary strategies that will help us carry out the complex and imaginative treatments that these cases require. In this article we are going to describe the interdisciplinary treatment that we provided to two adult patients. 1--On a 25 year old male patient with significant upper maxillary crowding with transversal constriction and absence of the upper right lateral incisor; through correction of the over-crowding, the maxillary constriction and rehabilitation with an implant-supported fixed prosthesis in the edentulous space, we will treat and correct this case. 2--A 29 year old male patient with agenesis of the superior canines and edentulous gap in the inferior dental arch.

Attenuation of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by chloroform extract of fruits ofFerocactus latispinus and Ferocactus histrix / Atenuación de la hiperglucemia y la hiperlipidemia en ratas diabéticas inducida por estreptozotocina por el extracto de cloroformo de los frutos de Ferocactus latispinus y Ferocactus histrix

The hypoglycemic effects of hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts from fruits of Ferocactus latispinus and Ferocactus histrix were evaluated by oral administration to normoglucemic and streptozotocin-induced severe diabetic rats (SD). The anti-diabetic effect was examined by blood glucose, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, total cholesterol levels in the serum, glycogen content of liver and skeletal muscles, superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) levels. The most active extracts were obtained with chloroform. Chloroform extracts from F. latispinus and F. histrix increased activities of SOD, GR, GSHPx and CAT, hepatic glycogen content, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and the plasma insulin levels. They also, decreased glucokinase (GK) and TBAR (thiobarbituric acid assay). Of the two plants studied F. latispinus showed better antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects that F. histrix. In conclusion F. latispinus and F. histrix possesses significant antihyperglycemic properties after 4 h after a single oral dose. It can also improve hyperlipidemia and hypoinsulinemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic. These results demonstrated that F. latispinus and F. histrix typically used as a health food, has strong antidiabetic effects in vivo, thus, it may have beneficial properties in the prevention of diabetes.

Los efectos hipoglucemiantes de extractos obtenidos con hexano, cloroformo y metanol a partir de frutos de Ferocactus latispinus y Ferocactus histrix fueron evaluados por la administración oral a ratas normales y con diabetes severa (SD) inducida por estreptozotocina. Los extractos más activos fueron obtenidos con cloroformo el cuál incrementa los niveles de SOD, GR, GSHPx y el CAT, el contenido de glucógeno hepático, la glucosa-6-fosfatasa (G6Pase) y los niveles de insulina plasmática. También producen disminución de la glucoquinasa (GK) y TBARS. De las dos plantas estudiadas la F. latispinus presento mayor actividad antihiperglicemiante y antihiperlipidémicos que la F. histrix. En conclusión F. latispinus y F. histrix pueden mejorar la hiperlipidemia y la hipoinsulinemia en animales diabéticos inducida por estreptozotocina. Estos resultados demostraron que F. latispinus y F. histrix utilizadas normalmente como un alimento saludable, tiene fuertes efectos antidiabéticos in vivo, por lo tanto, pueden tener propiedades beneficiosas en la prevención de la diabetes.

The FTB (Flores Twin Block): a new fixed functional appliance.

Functional Orthopaedics, Functionalism and their appliances have as their objective to correct the skeletal dysplasia that underlies many malocclusions, taking advantage of the potential of the stomatognathic system's strength. The range of functional appliances is very extensive and there is a great variety thereof. Basically, functional appliances can be: removable functional appliances and fixed functional appliances. In this article, we are going to present a new design for fixed functional appliances for the treatment of Class II, basing ourselves on the biomechanical principles of the Twin Block. We believe this new design, compared with other fixed functional appliances currently in use, improves patient comfort, providing a more effective response and helps us to treat our Class II cases with total success.

Estudio anátomo-radiográfico sobre el foramen lingual y los apófisis geni / Anatomic-radiological study on lingual foramen and apophysis geni

En los últimos años la interpretación de las imágenes radiográficas del área de la sínfisis mentoniana ha sido discrepante. Por ese motivo y con el objetivo de unificar criterios al respecto, se realizaron observaciones mediante distintas técnicas radiográficas sobre preparaciones anatómicas de mandíbulas realizando la resección de determinados accidentes y la marcación de otros mediante elementos radioopacos. Concluimos que la apófisis geni y el foramen lingual son estructuras diferentes que en la técnica de la bisectriz pueden, por razones proyeccionales, confundirse.

Estudio anátomo-radiográfico sobre el foramen lingual y los apófisis geni / Anatomic-radiological study on lingual foramen and apophysis geni

En los últimos años la interpretación de las imágenes radiográficas del área de la sínfisis mentoniana ha sido discrepante. Por ese motivo y con el objetivo de unificar criterios al respecto, se realizaron observaciones mediante distintas técnicas radiográficas sobre preparaciones anatómicas de mandíbulas realizando la resección de determinados accidentes y la marcación de otros mediante elementos radioopacos. Concluimos que la apófisis geni y el foramen lingual son estructuras diferentes que en la técnica de la bisectriz pueden, por razones proyeccionales, confundirse.(AU)