ABSTRACT
Background: Milk production plays a role as a source of protein and constitutes an important socioeconomic factor for small farms. The lack of planning of the creators, together with the lack of specialized technical assistance, and the precarious hygienic and sanitary management, are barriers that hinder the development of the activity. Bovine and caprine mastitis is an infl ammation process of the mammary gland caused by microorganisms. Staphylococcus spp. is the main causative agent of mastitis, with higher prevalence in cases of clinical and subclinical manifestations. The most common treatment is based on intramammary infusion of antibacterial agents. However, cure rates obtained with such drugs are not always effectives, because it may determine the emergence of resistant bacteria as well increase amounts of antibiotic residues in milk. Nevertheless, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. in the lactation can be economically unviable. Alternative treatments of bovine mastitis with plant derived compounds have been described. The investigation of its antimicrobial activity against bacterial agents of mastitis is justifi able.Materials, Methods & Results: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and the fraction trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) against 65 isolates of Staphyloco
Background: Milk production plays a role as a source of protein and constitutes an important socioeconomic factor for small farms. The lack of planning of the creators, together with the lack of specialized technical assistance, and the precarious hygienic and sanitary management, are barriers that hinder the development of the activity. Bovine and caprine mastitis is an infl ammation process of the mammary gland caused by microorganisms. Staphylococcus spp. is the main causative agent of mastitis, with higher prevalence in cases of clinical and subclinical manifestations. The most common treatment is based on intramammary infusion of antibacterial agents. However, cure rates obtained with such drugs are not always effectives, because it may determine the emergence of resistant bacteria as well increase amounts of antibiotic residues in milk. Nevertheless, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. in the lactation can be economically unviable. Alternative treatments of bovine mastitis with plant derived compounds have been described. The investigation of its antimicrobial activity against bacterial agents of mastitis is justifi able.Materials, Methods & Results: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and the fraction trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) against 65 isolates of Staphyloco
ABSTRACT
Background: Milk production plays a role as a source of protein and constitutes an important socioeconomic factor for small farms. The lack of planning of the creators, together with the lack of specialized technical assistance, and the precarious hygienic and sanitary management, are barriers that hinder the development of the activity. Bovine and caprine mastitis is an infl ammation process of the mammary gland caused by microorganisms. Staphylococcus spp. is the main causative agent of mastitis, with higher prevalence in cases of clinical and subclinical manifestations. The most common treatment is based on intramammary infusion of antibacterial agents. However, cure rates obtained with such drugs are not always effectives, because it may determine the emergence of resistant bacteria as well increase amounts of antibiotic residues in milk. Nevertheless, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. in the lactation can be economically unviable. Alternative treatments of bovine mastitis with plant derived compounds have been described. The investigation of its antimicrobial activity against bacterial agents of mastitis is justifi able.Materials, Methods & Results: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and the fraction trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) against 65 isolates of Staphyloco
Background: Milk production plays a role as a source of protein and constitutes an important socioeconomic factor for small farms. The lack of planning of the creators, together with the lack of specialized technical assistance, and the precarious hygienic and sanitary management, are barriers that hinder the development of the activity. Bovine and caprine mastitis is an infl ammation process of the mammary gland caused by microorganisms. Staphylococcus spp. is the main causative agent of mastitis, with higher prevalence in cases of clinical and subclinical manifestations. The most common treatment is based on intramammary infusion of antibacterial agents. However, cure rates obtained with such drugs are not always effectives, because it may determine the emergence of resistant bacteria as well increase amounts of antibiotic residues in milk. Nevertheless, the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. in the lactation can be economically unviable. Alternative treatments of bovine mastitis with plant derived compounds have been described. The investigation of its antimicrobial activity against bacterial agents of mastitis is justifi able.Materials, Methods & Results: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and the fraction trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) against 65 isolates of Staphyloco
ABSTRACT
The discussed issue about replacing the use of antibiotics in animal feed (growth promoters) requires emerging alternatives. To meet the needs of microbial inhibitors in these foods, the essentials oils (EOS) constitute potential alternatives under evaluation. In this study it was evaluated the antimicrobial activities of EOs from Oreganum vulgare (oregano), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Salvia officinalis (sage), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Ocimum basilicum (basil) against Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry (n=43) and cattle faeces (n=36). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for each isolate by using the broth microdilution technique, from the maximum concentration of 6400µg mL-1 of each OE tested. Antimicrobial activity was observed on the essential oils of oregano, mexican oregano, thymus and cinnamon. For all strains tested, regardless of their origin, the OES more and less effective as antimicrobial activity were oregano and cinnamon, respectively. These results confirm the antimicrobial potential of some EOs, which deserve further research, addressing the addition of essential oils in poultry and cattle feeding.
A discutida questão da substituição do uso de antibacterianos em rações (promotores de crescimento) requer urgentes alternativas. Face às necessidades de inibidores microbianos nesses alimentos, os óleos essenciais (OES) se constituem em alternativa, sob avaliação. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos OES de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Thymus vulgaris (tomilho), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela), Lippia graveolens (orégano mexicano), Zingiber officinale (gengibre), Salvia officinalis (sálvia), Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim) e Ocimum basilicum (manjericão) frente a amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de fezes de aves (n=43) e de bovinos (n=36). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas para cada isolado através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo, a partir da máxima concentração de 6400µg mL-1 de cada OE testado. Observou-se atividade antimicrobiana para os OES de orégano, orégano mexicano, tomilho, canela. Para todas as amostras testadas, independente de sua origem, os OES mais e menos efetivos quanto à atividade antimicrobiana foram o orégano e a canela, respectivamente. Esses resultados confirmaram o potencial antibacteriano de alguns OES, os quais merecem novas investigações abordando sua adição na alimentação de aves e bovinos.
ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial activity of some essencial oils was evaluated as follows: Origanum vulgare (oregano), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Salvia officinalis (sage), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Ocimum basilicum (basil), as well as the majority constituents carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde and cineole against 33 Staphylococcus spp isolates from herds of dairy goats. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for each isolate by using broth microdilution method. Antimicrobial activity observed on the essencial oils of oregano, mexican oregano, thymus, well as to majoritary constituents of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde. The descending order of antimicrobial activity were oregano = thyme > mexican oregano. The majority constituents carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde presented themselves more active than the verified by the essencial oils. The majority constituents, carvacrol and cinnomaldehyde were equally more active than thymol.
Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Thymus vulgaris (tomilho), Lippia graveolens (lípia), Zingiber officinale (gengibre), Salvia officinalis (sálvia), Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim) e Ocimum basilicum (manjericão), bem como de frações majoritárias carvacrol, timol, cinamaldeído e cineol frente a 33 isolados de Staphylococcus spp oriundos de rebanhos leiteiros caprinos. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas por meio da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. Observou-se atividade antimicrobiana para os OEs de orégano, lípia e tomilho, bem como para as frações majoritárias de carvacrol, timol e cinamaldeído. A ordem decrescente de atividade foi orégano = tomilho > lípia. As frações majoritárias carvacrol, timol e cinamaldeído evidenciaram melhor atividade do que os óleos essenciais e, dentre elas, carvacrol e cinamaldeído foram mais ativas que o timol.
ABSTRACT
The discussed issue about replacing the use of antibiotics in animal feed (growth promoters) requires emerging alternatives. To meet the needs of microbial inhibitors in these foods, the essentials oils (EOS) constitute potential alternatives under evaluation. In this study it was evaluated the antimicrobial activities of EOs from Oreganum vulgare (oregano), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Salvia officinalis (sage), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Ocimum basilicum (basil) against Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry (n=43) and cattle faeces (n=36). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for each isolate by using the broth microdilution technique, from the maximum concentration of 6400µg mL-1 of each OE tested. Antimicrobial activity was observed on the essential oils of oregano, mexican oregano, thymus and cinnamon. For all strains tested, regardless of their origin, the OES more and less effective as antimicrobial activity were oregano and cinnamon, respectively. These results confirm the antimicrobial potential of some EOs, which deserve further research, addressing the addition of essential oils in poultry and cattle feeding.
A discutida questão da substituição do uso de antibacterianos em rações (promotores de crescimento) requer urgentes alternativas. Face às necessidades de inibidores microbianos nesses alimentos, os óleos essenciais (OES) se constituem em alternativa, sob avaliação. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos OES de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Thymus vulgaris (tomilho), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela), Lippia graveolens (orégano mexicano), Zingiber officinale (gengibre), Salvia officinalis (sálvia), Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim) e Ocimum basilicum (manjericão) frente a amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de fezes de aves (n=43) e de bovinos (n=36). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas para cada isolado através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo, a partir da máxima concentração de 6400µg mL-1 de cada OE testado. Observou-se atividade antimicrobiana para os OES de orégano, orégano mexicano, tomilho, canela. Para todas as amostras testadas, independente de sua origem, os OES mais e menos efetivos quanto à atividade antimicrobiana foram o orégano e a canela, respectivamente. Esses resultados confirmaram o potencial antibacteriano de alguns OES, os quais merecem novas investigações abordando sua adição na alimentação de aves e bovinos.
ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial activity of some essencial oils was evaluated as follows: Origanum vulgare (oregano), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Salvia officinalis (sage), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Ocimum basilicum (basil), as well as the majority constituents carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde and cineole against 33 Staphylococcus spp isolates from herds of dairy goats. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for each isolate by using broth microdilution method. Antimicrobial activity observed on the essencial oils of oregano, mexican oregano, thymus, well as to majoritary constituents of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde. The descending order of antimicrobial activity were oregano = thyme > mexican oregano. The majority constituents carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde presented themselves more active than the verified by the essencial oils. The majority constituents, carvacrol and cinnomaldehyde were equally more active than thymol.
Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Thymus vulgaris (tomilho), Lippia graveolens (lípia), Zingiber officinale (gengibre), Salvia officinalis (sálvia), Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim) e Ocimum basilicum (manjericão), bem como de frações majoritárias carvacrol, timol, cinamaldeído e cineol frente a 33 isolados de Staphylococcus spp oriundos de rebanhos leiteiros caprinos. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas por meio da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. Observou-se atividade antimicrobiana para os OEs de orégano, lípia e tomilho, bem como para as frações majoritárias de carvacrol, timol e cinamaldeído. A ordem decrescente de atividade foi orégano = tomilho > lípia. As frações majoritárias carvacrol, timol e cinamaldeído evidenciaram melhor atividade do que os óleos essenciais e, dentre elas, carvacrol e cinamaldeído foram mais ativas que o timol.
ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial activity of some essencial oils was evaluated as follows: Origanum vulgare (oregano), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Salvia officinalis (sage), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Ocimum basilicum (basil), as well as the majority constituents carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde and cineole against 33 Staphylococcus spp isolates from herds of dairy goats. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for each isolate by using broth microdilution method. Antimicrobial activity observed on the essencial oils of oregano, mexican oregano, thymus, well as to majoritary constituents of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde. The descending order of antimicrobial activity were oregano = thyme > mexican oregano. The majority constituents carvacrol, thymol, cinnamaldehyde presented themselves more active than the verified by the essencial oils. The majority constituents, carvacrol and cinnomaldehyde were equally more active than thymol.
Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais (OEs) de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Thymus vulgaris (tomilho), Lippia graveolens (lípia), Zingiber officinale (gengibre), Salvia officinalis (sálvia), Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim) e Ocimum basilicum (manjericão), bem como de frações majoritárias carvacrol, timol, cinamaldeído e cineol frente a 33 isolados de Staphylococcus spp oriundos de rebanhos leiteiros caprinos. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas por meio da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. Observou-se atividade antimicrobiana para os OEs de orégano, lípia e tomilho, bem como para as frações majoritárias de carvacrol, timol e cinamaldeído. A ordem decrescente de atividade foi orégano = tomilho > lípia. As frações majoritárias carvacrol, timol e cinamaldeído evidenciaram melhor atividade do que os óleos essenciais e, dentre elas, carvacrol e cinamaldeído foram mais ativas que o timol.
ABSTRACT
The discussed issue about replacing the use of antibiotics in animal feed (growth promoters) requires emerging alternatives. To meet the needs of microbial inhibitors in these foods, the essentials oils (EOS) constitute potential alternatives under evaluation. In this study it was evaluated the antimicrobial activities of EOs from Oreganum vulgare (oregano), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Zingiber officinale (ginger), Salvia officinalis (sage), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Ocimum basilicum (basil) against Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry (n=43) and cattle faeces (n=36). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for each isolate by using the broth microdilution technique, from the maximum concentration of 6400µg mL-1 of each OE tested. Antimicrobial activity was observed on the essential oils of oregano, mexican oregano, thymus and cinnamon. For all strains tested, regardless of their origin, the OES more and less effective as antimicrobial activity were oregano and cinnamon, respectively. These results confirm the antimicrobial potential of some EOs, which deserve further research, addressing the addition of essential oils in poultry and cattle feeding.
A discutida questão da substituição do uso de antibacterianos em rações (promotores de crescimento) requer urgentes alternativas. Face às necessidades de inibidores microbianos nesses alimentos, os óleos essenciais (OES) se constituem em alternativa, sob avaliação. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos OES de Origanum vulgare (orégano), Thymus vulgaris (tomilho), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela), Lippia graveolens (orégano mexicano), Zingiber officinale (gengibre), Salvia officinalis (sálvia), Rosmarinus officinalis (alecrim) e Ocimum basilicum (manjericão) frente a amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de fezes de aves (n=43) e de bovinos (n=36). A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas para cada isolado através da técnica de microdiluição em caldo, a partir da máxima concentração de 6400µg mL-1 de cada OE testado. Observou-se atividade antimicrobiana para os OES de orégano, orégano mexicano, tomilho, canela. Para todas as amostras testadas, independente de sua origem, os OES mais e menos efetivos quanto à atividade antimicrobiana foram o orégano e a canela, respectivamente. Esses resultados confirmaram o potencial antibacteriano de alguns OES, os quais merecem novas investigações abordando sua adição na alimentação de aves e bovinos.
ABSTRACT
Essential oils from oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and cinnamom (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) were tested for their inhibitory activity against sixty Salmonella sp. isolates. These microorganisms were distributed in 20 serovars, all of them isolated from broiler chickens. Based on microdilution technique, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The strongest antibacterial activity was obtained for oregano (MIC mean = 529mug ml-1 and MBCmean = 661mug ml-1), followed by a moderate activity for thyme (MICmean=961mug ml-1 and MBCmean=1074mug ml-1) and the lowest obtained activity observed for cinnamon (MICmean= 1335mug ml-1 and MBCmean= 1979mug ml-1). Despite of this activity pattern, the serovars of Salmonella enterica showed significant susceptibility variations. However none of them could be classified as sensitive or resistant to the three essential oils tested. At the moment, when the antibiotics, as growth promoters, are being replaced, the essential oils from spices could be a very reasonable choice and the present results show us two points: the essential oils from oregano and thyme are effective against Salmonella isolates but the variations among the serovars must be considered.
Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de orégano (Origanum vulgare), tomilho (Thymus vulgaris) e canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) frente a 60 amostras de Salmonella enterica distribuídas entre 20 sorovares, todos isolados de carcaças de aves. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas para cada isolado, utilizando-se a técnica de microdiluição em caldo. O óleo essencial de orégano evidenciou forte atividade antibacteriana (CIM média = 529mig ml-1 e CBM média= 661mig ml-1), seguido do tomilho (CIM média=961mig ml-1 e CBM média= 1074mig ml-1), com atividade moderada, enquanto que a menor atividade foi observada com o óleo essencial de canela (CIM média= 1335mig ml-1 e CBM média = 1979mig ml-1). Apesar deste claro padrão de atividade, os sorovares de Salmonella enterica evidenciaram significativas variações de suscetibilidade, embora nenhuma, em particular, pudesse ser classificada como totalmente sensível ou resistente aos três óleos essenciais avaliados. Assim, no momento em que os antibacterianos utilizados como promotores de crescimento estão sendo substituídos. E os óleos essenciais de temperos e condimentos se constituem numa alternativa importante, os resultados aqui apresentados sinalizam dois pontos: os óleos essenciais de orégano e tomilho são efetivos contra Salmonella, mas as variações de suscetibilidade entre os sorovares deverão também ser consideradas.
ABSTRACT
Essential oils from oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and cinnamom (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) were tested for their inhibitory activity against sixty Salmonella sp. isolates. These microorganisms were distributed in 20 serovars, all of them isolated from broiler chickens. Based on microdilution technique, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The strongest antibacterial activity was obtained for oregano (MIC mean = 529mug ml-1 and MBCmean = 661mug ml-1), followed by a moderate activity for thyme (MICmean=961mug ml-1 and MBCmean=1074mug ml-1) and the lowest obtained activity observed for cinnamon (MICmean= 1335mug ml-1 and MBCmean= 1979mug ml-1). Despite of this activity pattern, the serovars of Salmonella enterica showed significant susceptibility variations. However none of them could be classified as sensitive or resistant to the three essential oils tested. At the moment, when the antibiotics, as growth promoters, are being replaced, the essential oils from spices could be a very reasonable choice and the present results show us two points: the essential oils from oregano and thyme are effective against Salmonella isolates but the variations among the serovars must be considered.
Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de orégano (Origanum vulgare), tomilho (Thymus vulgaris) e canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) frente a 60 amostras de Salmonella enterica distribuídas entre 20 sorovares, todos isolados de carcaças de aves. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas para cada isolado, utilizando-se a técnica de microdiluição em caldo. O óleo essencial de orégano evidenciou forte atividade antibacteriana (CIM média = 529mig ml-1 e CBM média= 661mig ml-1), seguido do tomilho (CIM média=961mig ml-1 e CBM média= 1074mig ml-1), com atividade moderada, enquanto que a menor atividade foi observada com o óleo essencial de canela (CIM média= 1335mig ml-1 e CBM média = 1979mig ml-1). Apesar deste claro padrão de atividade, os sorovares de Salmonella enterica evidenciaram significativas variações de suscetibilidade, embora nenhuma, em particular, pudesse ser classificada como totalmente sensível ou resistente aos três óleos essenciais avaliados. Assim, no momento em que os antibacterianos utilizados como promotores de crescimento estão sendo substituídos. E os óleos essenciais de temperos e condimentos se constituem numa alternativa importante, os resultados aqui apresentados sinalizam dois pontos: os óleos essenciais de orégano e tomilho são efetivos contra Salmonella, mas as variações de suscetibilidade entre os sorovares deverão também ser consideradas.
ABSTRACT
One outbreak of dermatophytosis in horses is described in south Brazil. Fifty eight young animals (55.2%) presented clinical signs of the disease. The mycological diagnosis was realized through the presence of fungus in the hair, associated with the macro and micromorphologic characteristics of the isolated colonies in agar also allowed the dermatophyte´s classification as Trichophyton equinum var. equinum.
Descreve-se, neste trabalho, um surto de dermatofitose eqüina no Sul do Brasil. Cinqüenta e oito animais jovens (55,2%) apresentavam lesões clínicas características da enfermidade. O diagnóstico micológico realizado pela presença do fungo nos pêlos, associado às características macro e micromorfológicas das colônias isoladas em meio de cultivo, permitiram a classificação do dermatófito como Trichophyton equinum var. equinum.
ABSTRACT
One outbreak of dermatophytosis in horses is described in south Brazil. Fifty eight young animals (55.2%) presented clinical signs of the disease. The mycological diagnosis was realized through the presence of fungus in the hair, associated with the macro and micromorphologic characteristics of the isolated colonies in agar also allowed the dermatophyte´s classification as Trichophyton equinum var. equinum.
Descreve-se, neste trabalho, um surto de dermatofitose eqüina no Sul do Brasil. Cinqüenta e oito animais jovens (55,2%) apresentavam lesões clínicas características da enfermidade. O diagnóstico micológico realizado pela presença do fungo nos pêlos, associado às características macro e micromorfológicas das colônias isoladas em meio de cultivo, permitiram a classificação do dermatófito como Trichophyton equinum var. equinum.