Back to primary endosymbiosis: from plastids to artificial photosynthetic life-forms.

Throughout evolution, only two known primary photosynthetic endosymbiosis occurred, which originated the Archaeplastida and the Paulinella spp. Fundamental questions regarding primary endosymbiosis remain unsolved, but may now be addressed with the recent development of chimeric photosynthetic life-form. Cournoyer et al. could establish artificial photosynthetic endosymbiosis between yeast and cyanobacteria.