ABSTRACT
Ghrelin is a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue (GHS) and GHRP-6 is a synthetic peptide analogue; both act through the GHS receptor. GH secretion depends directly on the intracellular concentration of Ca(2+); this is determined from the intracellular reserves and by the entrance of Ca(2+) through the voltage-dependent calcium channels, which are activated by the membrane depolarization. Membrane potential is mainly determined by K(+) channels. In the present work, we investigated the effect of ghrelin (10 nM) or GHRP-6 (100 nM) for 96 h on functional expression of voltage-dependent K(+) channels in rat somatotropes: GC cell line. Physiological patch-clamp whole-cell recording was used to register the K(+) currents. With Cd(2+) (1 mM) and tetrodotoxin (1 µ m) in the bath solution recording, three types of currents were characterized on the basis of their biophysical and pharmacological properties. GC cells showed a K(+) current with a transitory component (I A) sensitive to 4-aminopyridine, which represents ~40% of the total outgoing current; a sustained component named delayed rectifier (I K), sensitive to tetraethylammonium; and a third type of K(+) current was recorded at potentials more negative than -80 mV, permitting the entrance of K(+) named inward rectifier (KIR). Chronic treatment with ghrelin or GHRP-6 did not modify the functional expression of K(+) channels, without significant changes (P < 0.05) in the amplitudes of the three currents observed; in addition, there were no modifications in their biophysical properties and kinetic activation or inactivation.
ABSTRACT
Neither the purchase nor the distribution of pharmaceuticals in hospitals and community pharmacies in Mexico is under the care of pharmacists. Some are under control of physicians. This report presents the results of the implementation of some of pharmaceutical services for the Jalisco Pain Relief, and Palliative Care Institute (Palia Institute), under the direction of the Secretary of Health, Government of Jalisco. The services implemented were drug distribution system, Drug Information Service, Pharmacovigilance Program , and home pharmacotherapy follow-up pilot program for patients with advanced illness, with the ultimate using the appropriate medication. The drug distribution system included dispensing of opioid pain medications, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, NSAIDs, anxiolytic drugs, steroid drugs, laxatives, and anti-emetics. The frequently used drugs were morphine sulfate (62%), amitriptyline (6.4%), and dextropropoxyphene (5.8%). The Drug Information Service answered 114 consultations, mainly asked by a physician (71%) concerned with adverse drug reactions and contraindications (21%). The pharmacovigilance program identified 146 suspected adverse drug reactions and classified them reasonably as possible (27%), probable (69%), and certain (4%). These were attributed mainly to pregabalin and tramadol. The home pharmacotherapy follow-up pilot program cared patients with different cancer diagnoses and drug-related problems (DRP), which were identified and classified (according to second Granada Consensus) for pharmaceutical intervention as DRP 1 (5%), DRP 2 (10%), DRP 3 (14%), DRP 4 (19%), DRP 5 (24%), or DRP 6 (28%). This report provides information concerning the accurate use of medication and, above all, an opportunity for Mexican pharmacists to become an part of health teams seeking to resolve drug-related problems (AU)
En México, ni la compra ni la distribución de medicamentos en hospitales y farmacias comunitarias están bajo el cuidado de farmacéuticos. Unos cuantos están a cargo de médicos. Este artículo presenta los resultados de la implementación de algunos servicios farmacéuticos en el Instituto Jaliscience de Alivio al Dolor y Cuidados Paliativos (Instituto Palia), bajo la dirección de la Secretaría de Salud del Gobierno de Jalisco. Los servicios implementados fueron un sistema de distribución de medicamentos, un Servicio de Información de Medicamentos, un programa de Farmacovigilancia, y un programa piloto de seguimiento farmacoterapéutico domiciliario para pacientes con enfermedad avanzada, con el objetivo de utilizar la medicación apropiada. El sistema de distribución de medicamentos incluyó la dispensación de analgésicos opiáceos, antidepresivos, anticonvulsivantes, AINEs, ansiolíticos, esteroides, laxantes y antieméticos. Los más utilizados fueron sulfato de morfina (62%), amitriptilina (6,4%) y dextropropoxifeno (5,8%). El Servicio de Información de Medicamentos respondió a 114 consultas realizadas principalmente por un médico, concernientes a reacciones adversas (71%) y contraindicaciones (21%). El programa de Farmacovigilancia identificó 146 sospechas de reacciones adversas y las clasificó como posible (27%), probable (69%), y seguras (4%). Se atribuyeron principalmente a pregabalina y tramadol. El programa piloto de seguimiento farmacoterapéutico domiciliario atendió pacientes con diferentes diagnósticos de cáncer y se identificaron problemas relacionados con medicamentos que se clasificaron (según el Segundo Consenso de Granada) como PRM 1(5%), PRM 2 (10%), PRM 3 (14%), PRM 4 (19%), PRM 5 (24%), o PRM 6 (28%). Este artículo proporciona información relacionada al uso adecuado de medicamentos y, sobre todo ofrece una oportunidad para que los farmacéuticos mexicanos lleguen a ser parte del equipo de salud tratando de resolver los problemas relacionados con medicamentos (AU)
