ABSTRACT
Reptiles, including snakes, can be asymptomatically infected with multiple pathogen microorganisms, including Salmonella spp., which is considered an important concern for public and animal health. Small and uninhabited isles are quite ecologically different from mainland and represent interesting fields of study, to discover unexpected biological and microbiological aspects of their wild inhabitants. This work reports the presence of the very rare Salmonella enterica serovar Yopougon, isolated in a carcass of a native wild snake (Hierophis viridiflavus) from an Italian uninhabited island of Mediterranean Sea, Montecristo. To our knowledge, S. enterica serovar Yopougon was previously isolated only once 34 years earlier in Ivory Coast, from a human fecal sample. In the present study, we present the genomic characterization of the new isolate, the phylogenetic comparison with the previously isolated S. enterica serovar Yopougon strain of human origin and with other sequences available in public databases. In addition, an extensive review of available data in the literature and from our case history is provided. Our finding represents an example of the ability of some pathogens to travel for very long distances within their hosts and then to infect others, even from different taxa.
Subject(s)
Salmonella enterica , Animals , Humans , Italy , Phylogeny , Salmonella enterica/genetics , Serogroup , SnakesABSTRACT
Silver nanoparticles functionalized with thiolated ß-cyclodextrin (CD-SH) were employed for the detection of bisphenols (BPs) A, B, and S by means of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The functionalization of Ag nanoparticles with CD-SH leads to an improvement of the sensitivity of the implemented SERS nanosensor. Using a multivariate analysis of the SERS data, the limit of detection of these compounds was estimated at about 10-7 M, in the range of the tens of ppb. Structural analysis of the CD-SH/BP complex was performed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Theoretical results allowed the assignment of key structural vibrational bands related to ring breathing motions and the inter-ring vibrations and pointed out an external interaction due to four hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups of BP and CD located at the external top of the CD cone. DFT calculations allowed also checking the interaction energies of the different molecular species on the Ag surface and testing the effect of the presence of CD-SH on the BPs' affinity. These findings were in agreement with the experimental evidences that there is not an actual inclusion of BP inside the CD cavity. The SERS sensor and the analysis procedure of data based on partial least square regression proposed here were tested in a real sample consisting of the detection of BPs in milk extracts to validate the detection performance of the SERS sensor.
ABSTRACT
A robust and dependable headspace HS-GC-MS method has been developed for the determination of carbon monoxide (CO) treated tuna fish. The performance of the method has been evaluated by analyzing spiked and blank samples. The proposed method uses a programmed temperature vaporizing (PTV) injector to implement the HS injection and overcome the negative effects on the column of water contained in the sample. The level of CO could be easily detected in the treated samples, its amount differing markedly from that detected in the untreated samples. Proper oven temperature programming prevented any deterioration of chromatographic performance caused by the accumulation of water, carbon dioxide and other low molecular weight hydrocarbons in the column during serial analyses. The introduction of PTV injection and the restoring of GC column, by oven temperature programming, were crucial for obtaining the required robustness. This procedure assures the run-to-run repeatability necessary for high throughput applications. The method affords linear calibration curves ranging from 50 to 2500 ng/g of CO content in tuna sample.
