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1.
Pathology ; 56(5): 619-632, 2024 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38871593

ABSTRACT

Deaths from non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) have almost doubled in Australia in recent years. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) constitutes approximately 20% of NMSCs, but is responsible for most of the deaths. Most skin cancers are easy to diagnose and treat and therefore cSCC are often trivialised; however, there is a high-risk subgroup of cSCC (HRcSCC) that is associated with a high risk of metastasis and death. The definition of early HRcSCC and our ability to identify them is evolving. Many significant prognostic factors have been identified, but a universally accepted prognostic index does not exist. Guidelines for workup, treatment, and follow-up leave many important decisions open to broad interpretation by the treating physician or multidisciplinary team. Some of the treatments used for metastatic cSCC are not supported by robust evidence and the prognosis of metastatic cSCC is guarded. In this review, we highlight the rapid rise in NMSC deaths and discuss some of the deficiencies in our knowledge of how to define, diagnose, stage, and manage HRcSCC.


Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Skin Neoplasms , Humans , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/epidemiology , Skin Neoplasms/therapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy , Australia/epidemiology , Prognosis
2.
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol ; 278(2): 313-321, 2021 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32556788

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Traditional critical care dogma regarding the benefits of early tracheostomy during invasive ventilation has had to be revisited due to the risk of COVID-19 to patients and healthcare staff. Standard practises that have evolved to minimise the risks associated with tracheostomy must be comprehensively reviewed in light of the numerous potential episodes for aerosol generating procedures. We meet the urgent need for safe practise standards by presenting the experience of two major London teaching hospitals, and synthesise our findings into an evidence-based guideline for multidisciplinary care of the tracheostomy patient. METHODS: This is a narrative review presenting the extensive experience of over 120 patients with tracheostomy, with a pragmatic analysis of currently available evidence for safe tracheostomy care in COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: Tracheostomy care involves many potentially aerosol generating procedures which may pose a risk of viral transmission to staff and patients. We make a series of recommendations to ameliorate this risk through infection control strategies, equipment modification, and individualised decannulation protocols. In addition, we discuss the multidisciplinary collaboration that is absolutely fundamental to safe and effective practise. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 requires a radical rethink of many tenets of tracheostomy care, and controversy continues to exist regarding the optimal techniques to minimise risk to patients and healthcare workers. Safe practise requires a coordinated multidisciplinary team approach to infection control, weaning and decannulation, with integrated processes for continuous prospective data collection and audit.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Tracheostomy , Humans , London , Pandemics , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Prospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2 , Tracheostomy/adverse effects
6.
BMJ Case Rep ; 20132013 Nov 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24197806

ABSTRACT

We present a case of an 81-year-old man who was diagnosed with a necrotising (malignant) otitis externa (NOE). Initial biopsies from the external auditory canal showed scanty squamous epithelium but no evidence of malignancy. Despite an initial improvement on intravenous antibiotics and subsequent discharge from hospital, the patient returned with worsening otalgia. Following readmission to the hospital, intravenous antibiotics were restarted. Despite this, the patient developed a lower motor neurone palsy of cranial nerve VII on the ipsilateral side of the pain. He was taken to the theatre for an exploration of the left mastoid with further biopsies. Adenocarcinoma was diagnosed histologically and the patient was started on palliative radiotherapy. This case adds to the known literature on metastatic disease in the temporal bone and highlights the need to exclude malignancy in cases of NOE.


Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/complications , Otitis Externa/complications , Skull Neoplasms/complications , Temporal Bone , Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Aged, 80 and over , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Male , Necrosis , Neoplasm Metastasis , Otitis Externa/diagnosis , Otitis Externa/pathology , Skull Neoplasms/diagnosis , Skull Neoplasms/pathology , Temporal Bone/pathology
8.
Aust Fam Physician ; 42(9): 641-4, 2013 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24024225

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Sudden onset hearing loss (SOHL) has a number of causes, ranging from the simple and reversible to the profound and permanent. The sequelae of a sudden loss of hearing can be significant. OBJECTIVE: This article seeks to address the various aetiologies of SOHL, how they can be diagnosed at the earliest opportunity, and outlines the methods of investigation and management. DISCUSSION: SOHL causes great concern for the patient. It is when there is a 30 dB or greater hearing loss over less than 72 hours. History and examination, with discerning use of investigations, can identify whether the hearing loss is of conductive or sensorineural origin; and those individuals who have a potentially reversible hearing loss that can be addressed quickly and in an appropriate fashion. However, in the majority of cases of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), no cause is identified and it is considered idiopathic SSNHL. In these patients, high dose oral prednisolone may improve hearing outcome, particularly if started early.


Subject(s)
Hearing Loss, Conductive/diagnosis , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/diagnosis , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/drug therapy , Hearing Loss, Sudden/etiology , Acoustic Impedance Tests , Audiometry, Pure-Tone , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Hearing Loss, Conductive/etiology , Hearing Loss, Conductive/therapy , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/etiology , Hearing Loss, Sudden/blood , Hearing Loss, Sudden/therapy , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Medical History Taking , Neuroma, Acoustic/complications , Neuroma, Acoustic/diagnosis , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
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