Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 4 de 4
Filter
Add more filters










Database
Language
Publication year range
1.
J Nerv Ment Dis ; 206(1): 11-18, 2018 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27660997

ABSTRACT

Whether children or adolescents exhibit higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in response to violence is an unresolved research question. We examine this issue in UNICEF's 1995 National Trauma Survey (NTS) of 8-19-year-olds (n = 942) who survived the Rwandan Genocide and lived and attended schools in the community. PTSS were assessed with a symptom checklist based on DSM-IV indexed using an overall score comprising the sum of scores on all items and mean item scores of each of five distinct factors identified in a factor analysis within this sample. Eighty percent of the sample had witnessed massacres; 25%, rape/sexual mutilation. The overall symptom score among children was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than among adolescents. Among the five separate factors, this direct association of age with symptom levels held for two: re-experiencing (p < 0.001) and dysphoric arousal (p < 0.05), but not for the remaining three: avoidance, numbing, and anxious arousal. This discordance in factorial response to violence may help explain prevailing inconsistencies in the age-PTSS association reported to date.


Subject(s)
Exposure to Violence/psychology , Genocide/psychology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology , Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Risk Factors , Rwanda , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young Adult
2.
J Anxiety Disord ; 32: 8-16, 2015 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25840139

ABSTRACT

The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in Euro-American populations has been extensively studied, but confirmatory factor analytic studies from non-Western societies are lacking. Alternative models of DSM-IV symptoms were tested among Rwandan adults (N=465) who experienced trauma during the 1994 genocide. A cluster random survey was conducted with interviews held in Rwandan households. PTSD was assessed with the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian version. Competing models were the DSM-IV, emotional numbing, dysphoria, aroused intrusion, and dysphoric arousal models. Results showed that the emotional numbing, dysphoria, and dysphoric arousal models had almost identical, good fit indices and fit the data significantly better than the other models. The emotional numbing and dysphoric arousal models also exhibited good construct validity. Results suggest that the latent structure of PTSD symptoms in Rwanda are comparable to that found in Euro-American samples, thereby lending further support to the cross-cultural validity of the construct.


Subject(s)
Affective Symptoms/psychology , Genocide/psychology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Affective Symptoms/ethnology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Arousal/physiology , Cluster Analysis , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Rwanda/ethnology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/ethnology , Young Adult
3.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24563730

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The representation of low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) in traumatic stress research is important to establish a global evidence base, build research capacity, and reduce the burden of unmet mental health needs around the world. Reviews of the traumatic stress literature up to 2002 showed trends toward globalization although LMIC were only marginally represented compared to high-income countries (HIC). OBJECTIVE: To examine the global nature of current traumatic stress research. In particular, we were interested in the extent to which traumatic stress research is: (1) conducted in LMIC, (2) conducted by LMIC researchers, and (3) accessible to them. METHOD: Using the databases PubMed, PsychInfo, and PILOTS, we systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles on traumatic stress published in any language in the year 2012. Out of the 3,123 unique papers identified, we coded a random sample (N=1,000) for study, author, article, and journal characteristics. RESULTS: Although our sample involved research in 56 different countries, most papers (87%) involved research in HIC, with 51% of all papers describing studies in the United States. In 88% of the papers, the author team was affiliated with HIC only. Less than 5% of all author teams involved collaborations between HIC and LMIC researchers. Moreover, 45% of the articles on LMIC studies published by a HIC corresponding author did not involve any LMIC co-authors. LMIC researchers appeared to publish empirical studies in lower impact journals. Of the 1,000 articles in our sample, 32% were open access and 10% were made available via different means; over half of the papers were not accessible without subscription. CONCLUSIONS: Traumatic stress research is increasingly global but still strongly dominated by HIC. Important opportunities to build capacity in LMIC appear to be missed. Implications toward more international traumatic stress research are discussed.

4.
Psychiatr Serv ; 63(4): 386-9, 2012 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22476306

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study explored, in a randomized trial of psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), why a surprisingly high percentage of study applicants presented with psychotic symptoms and what clinical implications this finding might prompt. METHODS: Raters reviewed the records of applicants who completed an initial psychiatric interview and compared those who had psychotic symptoms with all other study-eligible participants and with those who ultimately were enrolled in the study. RESULTS: Of 223 consecutively evaluated individuals who applied for study entry, 38 (17%) were found ineligible because of psychotic symptoms. These individuals were more likely to be male and to have suffered child abuse, and they had taken a greater number of lifetime medications than study-eligible applicants. Most individuals with psychotic symptoms met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: A trauma-informed framework might be a helpful part of a comprehensive treatment plan for some individuals with psychotic symptoms, possibly leading to greater treatment engagement and more positive outcomes.


Subject(s)
Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology , Psychotic Disorders/epidemiology , Research Subjects/psychology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology , Adult , Child , Child Abuse/psychology , Child Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Humans , Interview, Psychological , Male , Patient Selection , Psychotherapy , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Retrospective Studies , Sex Distribution
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL
...