[Pharmacological prevention of fibrosis in dacryosurgery]. / Medikamentoznaya profilaktika fibrotizatsii v dakriokhirurgii.

Chronic inflammatory process in the lacrimal drainage system is the main etiological factor leading to dacryostenosis and consequent obliteration - partial and total nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Prevention of this process is an urgent problem in dacryology. Currently, there is very little research on the development and use of conservative methods for treating dacryostenosis using anti-inflammatory, as well as anti-fibrotic drugs. In this regard, the main method of treating lacrimal drainage obstruction is dacryocystorhinostomy. However, the problem of recurrence after this operation has not been resolved. The causes of recurrence can be cicatricial healing of dacryocystorhinostomy ostium, canalicular obstruction, formation of granulations and synechiae in its area. Surgical methods of recurrence prevention are associated with possible complications, and there is conflicting data on the feasibility of their use. Based on this, the development of pharmacological methods for the prevention of fibrosis in dacryology is promising, among which the antitumor antibiotic Mitomycin C is the most studied. However, there are no specific scientifically substantiated recommendations for the use of this drug, and the data on its effectiveness vary. This has prompted researchers to look for and study alternative anti-fibrotic agents, such as antitumor drugs, glucocorticoids, hyaluronic acid, small molecule, biological, immunological and genetically engineered drugs, as well as nanoparticles. This review presents the current data on the efficacy and prospects of the use of these drugs in dacryology.

[Rotational technique for emulsification of soft lens nucleus]. / Rotatsionnaya metodika emul'sifikatsii myagkogo yadra khrustalika.

Effective and atraumatic removal of a soft lens nucleus requires different surgical techniques compared to phacoemulsification of a dense nucleus. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a non-ultrasound technique for emulsification of a soft lens nucleus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-seven patients (57 eyes) underwent surgery. In 23 cases, early or immature cataracts were detected, and in 34 cases, lens removal was performed for refractive purposes in high myopia and complex myopic astigmatism. Phacoemulsifier Centurion Vision System (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., USA) was used for the surgery. Aspiration of soft lens nucleus was done using a rotational technique. The following aspects were evaluated in the course of the surgery: the volume of the required irrigation solution, and the frequency needing to involve ultrasound for complete emulsification of the lens nucleus. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were also assessed. RESULTS: The surgery was uneventful in all cases. There were no violations of the integrity of capsulorhexis edge. The need for short pulses of minimal power ultrasound during the removal of the soft lens using this technique arose only in 11 (19.3%) cases. The effective ultrasound time was less than 1 second. The required volume of irrigation solution was 33.0 (24.0; 43.0) ml, which does not differ significantly from that in ultrasonic phacoemulsification. CONCLUSIONS: The use of modern phacoemulsifiers providing a high vacuum level allows successful removal of a soft lens without using ultrasound, which prevents its negative impact on the ocular tissues. The use of adequate surgical techniques, including the optimal direction of rotation of the lens nucleus in the rotational technique, improves the efficiency of soft lens nucleus removal.

[Influence of the pattern of femtosecond laser-assisted lens nucleus fragmentation on the energy and hydrodynamic parameters of phacoemulsification]. / Vliyanie patterna fragmentatsii yadra khrustalika femtosekundnym lazerom na energeticheskie i gidrodinamicheskie parametry fakoemul'sifikatsii.

The influence of various patterns of preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the lens nucleus on the energy and hydrodynamic parameters of phacoemulsification remains insufficiently studied. PURPOSE: This study evaluates the influence of various patterns of preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the lens nucleus on the energy, hydrodynamic parameters of phacoemulsification, and the degree of corneal endothelial cell loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Hybrid phacoemulsification was performed in 336 patients (336 eyes) with grade IV immature cataract according to the Buratto classification in three age-matched groups. Group 1 included 103 patients (103 eyes) who underwent hybrid phacoemulsification with preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the nucleus with a «pizza¼ pattern (division of the nucleus with 10 radial cuts). Group 2 included 112 patients (112 eyes) who underwent femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the nucleus with a «cylinders¼ pattern (division of the nucleus with 8 radial cuts in combination with 5 circular cuts). Group 3 included 121 patients (121 eyes) who underwent femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the nucleus with a «grid¼ pattern (division of the nucleus with 8 radial cuts in combination with multiple mutually perpendicular cuts in the central zone in the form of a grid with a 0.5 mm cell). Effective ultrasound time and the volume of irrigation solution for emulsification of the lens nucleus fragments were determined during the operation. The loss of corneal endothelial cells was assessed 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: The minimum effective ultrasound time was noted after using the "grid" pattern - 4.05 (2.88; 4.74) s, which was significantly less than with the "cylinders" pattern - 4.97 (3.78; 5.88) s and the "pizza" pattern - 6.15 (4.52; 7.75) s (p<0.05). The effective ultrasound time when using the "cylinders" pattern was significantly less than with the "pizza" pattern (p<0.05). The volume of irrigation solution used for emulsification of the lens nucleus fragments was significantly less in the "grid" pattern - 41.5 (33.5; 49.5) ml compared to the "cylinders" patterns 58.5 (51.0; 66.0), p<0.05 and "pizza" pattern 75.0 (66.0; 83.5), p<0.01. The volume of irrigation solution when using the "cylinders" pattern was significantly less than when using the "pizza" pattern (p<0.05). The loss of corneal endothelial cells after using the "grid" pattern was 8.82 (7.59; 9.87)%, which was significantly less than after the "cylinders" patterns - 9.97 (8.81; 10.83)%, p<0.05 and "pizza" - 11.70 (10.62; 12.97)%, p<0.05. At the same time, the loss of endothelial cells after using the "cylinders" pattern was significantly less than after the "pizza" pattern (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The choice of the optimal pattern of preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the lens nucleus provides a significant decrease in the energy and hydrodynamic parameters of phacoemulsification and, accordingly, the loss of corneal endothelial cells.

[Surgical technique for aspiration of soft lens nucleus with preoperative femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation]. / Khirurgicheskaya tekhnika aspiratsii myagkogo yadra khrustalika s predvaritel'noi femtolazernoi fragmentatsiei.

Fragmentation and aspiration of soft cataracts require different surgical techniques and approaches compared to the removal of dense nuclei, including when using a femtosecond laser. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a non-ultrasound technique for aspiration of a soft lens nucleus after its preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 63 patients (63 eyes) aged 23 to 40 years who underwent surgery. In 27 cases, early or immature cataract was observed, and in 36 cases, cataract removal was performed for refractive purposes in high myopia and complex myopic astigmatism. The VICTUS femtosecond laser surgical system (Technolas Perfect Vision GmbH, Germany) was used for preliminary fragmentation of the lens nucleus. Surgeries were performed using the Centurion Vision System phacoemulsifier (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., USA). The volume of the required irrigation solution was evaluated during the surgery. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were assessed. RESULTS: The surgery was performed without complications in all cases. Capsulorhexis edge was completely preserved along its entire circumference. The study showed the fundamental possibility of aspirating a cataract with a nucleus of grade I-II density without low-frequency ultrasound after preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the nucleus with a "grid" pattern, which ensures minimal fragment size in the central zone of the nucleus. The volume of irrigation solution required for aspiration of the nucleus was 36.0 (27.0; 44.0) ml, which does not significantly differ from the volume of solution during ultrasound phacoemulsification of a nucleus of such density. CONCLUSIONS: Femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the lens nucleus with a "grid" pattern and phacoemulsifier systems with a high vacuum level allow effective aspiration of a soft lens without using low-frequency ultrasound.

[Modern approaches to the treatment of anterior capsule contraction syndrome]. / Sovremennye podkhody k lecheniyu perednekapsulyarnogo kontraktsionnogo sindroma.

Anterior capsule contraction syndrome is a specific complication of continuous circular capsulorhexis in various phacoemulsification techniques. Surgical, laser and combined methods have been proposed for its treatment. All approaches in the treatment of anterior capsule contraction syndrome have some advantages, as well as certain problems and difficulties. This review presents the current state of this problem of cataract surgery and possible prospects for improving the treatment.

[Refractive outcomes of out-of-the-bag intraocular lens implantation]. / Refraktsionnye rezul'taty vnekapsul'noi implantatsii intraokulyarnykh linz.

For the moment, the refractive outcomes of out-of-the-bag intraocular lens (IOL) implantation remain insufficiently studied. PURPOSE: To study and compare the refractive outcomes of retropupillary implantation of an iris-claw lens and transscleral suture fixation of IOL in complicated phacoemulsification. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 70 patients (73 eyes) after complicated phacoemulsification in combination with grade 2 lens subluxation. The first group included 36 patients (39 eyes) who underwent complicated phacoemulsification using torsional ultrasound and retropupillary implantation of an iris-claw lens. The second group included 34 patients (34 eyes) after complicated phacoemulsification using torsional ultrasound and transscleral suture fixation of an elastic hydrophobic IOL. In the postoperative period we performed a comparative evaluation of uncorrected visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity, the average absolute error of IOL optical power calculation, the precision of postoperative refraction within ±0.5 diopters, the degree of induced astigmatism, and the tilt of the IOL. RESULTS: At three months after surgery uncorrected visual acuity of 0.8-1.0 was achieved in 33.3% of cases in the first group and 17.6% in the second group, the average absolute error of IOL optical power calculation was 0.34±0.08 diopters in the first group and 0.63±0.19 diopters in the second group, the precision of postoperative refraction within ±0.5 diopters was 94.9% in the first group and 85.3% in the second group, the tilt of the IOL was 0.69±0.21° in the first group and 3.19±0.97° in the second group (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in best corrected visual acuity and the degree of induced astigmatism 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: Implantation of an iris-claw lens in the course of complicated phacoemulsification in lens subluxation significantly improves refractive outcomes of the implantation in comparison with transscleral IOL fixation.

[Surgical treatment of hypermature cataract in patients with lens subluxation and small pupil]. / Khirurgicheskoe lechenie perezreloi katarakty pri uzkom zrachke i podvyvikhe khrustalika.

Studying the possibilities of hybrid (femtosecond laser-assisted) phacoemulsification in complicated situations is a relevant problem in cataract surgery. PURPOSE: To develop a technique for hybrid (femtosecond laser-assisted) phacoemulsification in patients with a combination of hypermature cataract, small pupil and lens subluxation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Hybrid (femtosecond laser-assisted) phacoemulsification of hypermature cataracts was performed in 36 patients (36 eyes) aged 63 to 78 years with grade I-II lens subluxation in combination with small pupil. The initial circular femtolaser capsulotomy was performed within the small pupil using the VICTUS system (Technolas Perfect Vision, Germany). After dilating the pupil with retractor hooks, the capsulorhexis was manually expanded to the required diameter. RESULTS: In all cases, the resulting capsulorhexis had a regular round shape with a smooth edge, without radial ruptures. This made it possible to apply modern methods of fixation and centration of the capsular bag in case of lens subluxation and to perform intracapsular implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL). Complete intracapsular fixation of the IOL with optics edge fully covered by the edge of the capsulorhexis in the postoperative period was achieved in 34 (94.4%) cases. In 2 (5.6%) cases in the postoperative period, the edge of the capsulorhexis exceeded the edge of the IOL optics. The loss of corneal endothelial cells 3 months after surgery was 8.8±1.9%. CONCLUSION: The use of the proposed combined technique of capsulorhexis made it possible to perform the most physiologically appropriate intracapsular IOL implantation in all patients with hypermature cataract, small pupil and lens subluxation.

[Results of hybrid (femtosecond laser-assisted) phacoemulsification of hypermature cataract in patients with lens subluxation]. / Rezul'taty gibridnoi (femtolazernoi) fakoemul'sifikatsii perezreloi katarakty pri podvyvikhe khrustalika.

Studying the use of femtosecond laser in patients with complicated cataracts remains a topical issue in phaco surgery. PURPOSE: To comparatively analyze the results of using hybrid (femtosecond laser-assisted) phacoemulsification in hypermature cataract in patients with lens subluxation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 78 patients (78 eyes) with hypermature cataract in combination with lens subluxation of I-II degree. In the 1st group (45 eyes) capsulorhexis was performed using a femtosecond laser. In the 2nd group (33 eyes) manual capsulorhexis was performed. RESULTS: On the first day after surgery, best corrected visual acuity of 0.8-1.0 was obtained in 57.8% of cases in the 1st group and 33.3% in the 2nd group. Transient corneal edema during the first 1-3 days was noted in 4.4% of cases in the 1st group and in 15.2% - in the 2nd group of patients. Pachymetry in the center of the cornea showed an increase in its thickness on the 1st day after surgery from 0.564±0.027 mm to 0.591±0.033 mm in the 1st group and from 0.561±0.023 mm to 0.637±0.043 mm (p<0.05) in the 2nd group of patients. The loss of corneal endothelial cells amounted to 10.9±1.8% in the 1st group and 17.4±2.9% in the 2nd group (p<0.05). Macular edema with decreased visual acuity confirmed by OCT was detected in the 1st group of patients in 2.2% of cases, in the 2nd group - in 9.1% of cases. With a follow-up period of up to 3 years, IOL optics decentration by more than 1 mm was detected in 2.2% of cases in the 1st group of patients and in 12.1% of cases in the 2nd group. CONCLUSION: Femtosecond laser-assisted capsulorhexis significantly improves the results of surgery in patients with hypermature cataract combined with lens subluxation.

[Differentiated method of surgical prophylaxis against anterior capsular contraction syndrome during phacoemulsification]. / Differentsirovannaya metodika khirurgicheskoi profilaktiki kapsulyarnogo kontraktsionnogo sindroma v khode fakoemul'sifikatsii.

Prevention of the anterior capsular contraction syndrome (ACCS) in the late postoperative period in patients with lens subluxation is a current problem of phacoemulsification (PE). PURPOSE: To develop and clinically evaluate a differentiated method of surgical prophylaxis against ACCS during PE in patients with lens subluxation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Phacoemulsification surgery with in-the-bag IOL implantation and postoperative follow-up were carried out in 192 patients (192 eyes) with cataract and lens subluxation. In all patients, complete anterior capsulorhexis at the beginning of the surgery was not possible. A differentiated approach was used for capsulorhexis extension at the final stage of the operation after in-the-bag IOL implantation. Three groups of patients were formed according to the three most common clinical situations. RESULTS: There were no signs of ACCS development in as many as 189 (98.4%) cases. In 3 (1.6%) cases, slight narrowing of the anterior capsulorhexis opening was noted, however, with no effect to the IOL position and functional results of the operation. CONCLUSION: The differentiated approach to anterior capsulorhexis in patients with lens subluxation allowed to perform phacoemulsification with in-the-bag IOL implantation and to avoid ACCS development in the late postoperative period.

[Evolution of IOL exchange. Part 1. Development of methods for IOL exchange]. / Evolyutsiya reimplantatsii intraokulyarnykh linz. Chast' 1. Razvitie metodov reimlantatsii intraokulyarnykh linz.

The review presents the history of development and improvement of methods for intraocular lens (IOL) exchange. Existing techniques of IOL exchange are comparatively analyzed.

[Evolution of IOL exchange. Part 2. Modern problems of IOL exchange]. / Evolyutsiya reimplantatsii intraokulyarnykh linz. Chast' 2. Sovremennye problemy reimplantatsii intraokulyarnykh linz.

The review discusses modern problems of intraocular lens (IOL) exchange. Making an adequate choice between IOL reposition and IOL exchange in pseudophakic patients with problems of lens fixation remains a largely unsolved issue. The literature data shows a noticeable increase in the number of supporters of retropupillary fixation of an iris-claw lens during the exchange procedure.

[Morphofunctional changes and complications after out-of-the-bag intraocular lens implantation]. / Morfofunktsional'nye izmeneniia i oslozhneniia vnekapsul'noi implantatsii intraokuliarnoi linzy.

The article reviews morphofunctional changes and complications after using modern methods of out-of-the-bag implantation of the intraocular lens (IOL). Literature data shows that the smallest morphofunctional changes in intraocular structures and the best results are obtained after retropupillary implantation of an iris-claw lens and transscleral fixation of posterior chamber IOL.

[Methods of out-of-the-bag intraocular lens implantation]. / Metody vnekapsul'noi implantatsii intraokuliarnykh linz.

The article reviews the main modern methods of out-of-the-bag IOL implantation. Literature data shows that the most pressing question to date is comparative assessment of retropupillary iris-claw lens implantation and trans-scleral posterior chamber IOL fixation.

[Results of secondary retropupillary-fixated intraocular lens implantation]. / Rezul'taty reimplantatsii intraokuliarnoi linzy s retropupilliarnoi fiksatsiei.

Surgical treatment of intraocular lens (IOL) with late dislocation remains one of the current problems of ophthalmology. PURPOSE: To evaluate specific morphofunctional changes in the eye after dislocated IOL exchange with retropupillary-fixated iris-claw IOL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Surgical outcomes of 150 patients (150 eyes) with in-the-bag IOL dislocation (122 eyes) or sulcus-fixated IOL dislocation (28 eyes) were analyzed. The follow-up period was 1-3 years. RESULTS: Increase in visual acuity and stable retropupillary fixation of the IOL was observed in all cases after reimplantation. Mean endothelial cell loss after 3 months was 6.9±1.3% in the group with preoperative density of >1200 cells/mm2 and 12.3±2.7% in the group with preoperative density of <1200 cells/mm2. There was no significant increase in intraocular pressure after IOL reimplantation. The incidence of clinical cystoid macular edema with decreased visual acuity was 4.7%, which is significantly more frequent than in patients after uncomplicated phacoemulsification with in-the-bag IOL implantation. CONCLUSION: Retropupillary implantation of iris-claw IOL provides stable fixation, good functional outcomes with low complication rates and is suitable for reimplantation in eyes without adequate capsular support.

[Morphological and clinical aspects of anterior capsulotomy in femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery]. / Morfologicheskie i klinicheskie aspekty perednei kapsulotomii v fakokhirurgii c primeneniem femtosekundnogo lazera.

The review covers morphological and clinical aspects of femtosecond laser-assisted anterior capsulotomy in cataract surgery. Literature data suggests that femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy is more accurate in size, shape, and centration than manual. Femtosecond laser-assisted anterior capsulotomy improves the accuracy of IOL positioning within the capsular bag.

[On conservative management of cicatricial eyelid malpositions].

Methods of conservative and complex rehabilitation of patients with cicatricial eyelid malpositions are proposed. Conservative treatment included developed regimen of antihomotoxic agents, different techniques of graduated extension of scar tissues, special eyelid exercises. In complex management conservative treatment was provided along with surgery, in some cases botulinum toxin A was administered. Duration, time and priorities were determined.

[The possibilities for surgical correction in the combined treatment of patients with cicatricial deformities of the eyelids]. / Vozmozhnosti khirurgicheskoi korrektsii v kompleksnom lechenii bol'nykh s rubtsovymi deformatsiiami vek.

A total of 217 patients with posttraumatic cicatricial deformations of the eyelids were treated. The authors resort to a functional approach when assessing posttraumatic injuries of the eyelids and propose their own anatomic and functional classification of cicatricial deformations of the eyelids, based on the principle of anatomic and functional entity of the eye and its defense system. This classification specifies the basic functions of the eyelids as components of the defense mechanism of the eye, offers criteria for assessing the cicatrices proper, and presents the basic characteristics of combined cicatricial deformations of the eyelids and complications thereof. The authors used this classification to plan the treatment strategy, scope of surgical intervention, and order of stages, and to define the indications for the use of various methods of blepharoplasty in patients with cicatricial deformations of the eyelids.