ABSTRACT
Dose delivery of hydrofluoroalkane-beclomethasone and chlorofluorocarbon-beclomethasone was compared during in vitro neonatal simulations: mechanical ventilation with 40% and 100% relative humidity + Neonatal Chamber-Ventilator System/endotracheal tube; manual ventilation + Neonatal Chamber/endotracheal tube; "spontaneous breathing" + Neonatal Chamber/face mask without/with manual assistance. The delivery of hydrofluoroalkane-beclomethasone was significantly greater in each simulation.
Subject(s)
Aerosol Propellants/administration & dosage , Beclomethasone/administration & dosage , Chlorofluorocarbons/administration & dosage , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/administration & dosage , Administration, Inhalation , Aerosols , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Drug Delivery Systems , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Intubation, Intratracheal , Masks , Nebulizers and Vaporizers , Respiration, ArtificialSubject(s)
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Epithelial Cells/metabolism , Lung Diseases, Interstitial/immunology , Pulmonary Alveoli/immunology , Pulmonary Alveoli/metabolism , Animals , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Chemokine CCL2/genetics , Chemokine CCL2/immunology , Chemokine CCL2/metabolism , Cytotoxicity, Immunologic , Epithelial Cells/immunology , Epithelial Cells/pathology , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare cardiorespiratory demands imposed during unassisted ambulation and ambulation with various assistive devices in older adults. SUBJECTS: Ten volunteers (3 male, 7 female) who were not dependent on assistive devices for ambulation, with a mean age 60.3 years (SD = 8.4, range = 50-74), participated. METHODS: Immediately after a 5-minute steady-state session with each of the assistive devices tested (standard walker, wheeled walker, and single-point cane), subjects ambulated for 2 minutes at a self-selected speed with each device and unassisted while selected cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables were monitored. RESULTS: Ambulation with the use of a standard walker was shown to require 212% more oxygen per meter than unassisted ambulation and 104% more oxygen per meter than ambulation with a wheeled walker. Ambulation with a standard walker elicited 200% and 98% higher heart rate per meter as compared with unassisted ambulation and ambulation with a wheeled walker, respectively. No difference was detected for physiologic demands between unassisted ambulation and ambulation with a cane. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The decision to prescribe a wheeled walker versus a standard walker may be clinically important with patients who have impaired cardiorespiratory systems.
