[Assessment of systemic inflammation activity, myocardial structure and functional features, their relationship in patients with multiple myeloma, receiving bortezomib therapy].

AIM: To study the dynamics of calculated indices [neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR); systemic inflammation index (SIV)] and biomarkers of systemic inflammation [interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß); high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)], parameters of the structure-and-function state of the myocardium and intracardiac hemodynamics, and their relationship in patients newly diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM) at the onset of the disease and after 6 courses of chemotherapy (CT) containing the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective study included 30 patients aged 63.8±10.0 years diagnosed with MM; 17 (56.7 %) of them were men. The following tests were performed for all patients: measurement of IL-1ß and hsCRP, calculation of the inflammation indexes NLR and SIV, transthoracic echocardiography before and after 6 courses of bortezomib-containing CT. At the time of study completion, 9 patients dropped out due to reasons not related to cardiovascular complications of CT. RESULTS: The antitumor therapy was associated with increases of immune-inflammation indexes: NLR increased from 1.54 [1.02; 1.83] to 2.9 [1.9; 4.35] (p=0.009) and SIV increased from 402.95 [230.5; 534.0] to 1102.2 [453.1; 1307.9] (р=0.014). IL-1ß increased from 5.15 [4.05; 5.77] to 6.22 [5.66; 6.52] pg/ml remaining within the reference range (p=0.142) whereas hsCRP decreased from 1.02 [0.02; 2.71] to 0.02 [0.02; 0.82] IU/l (p=0.138). Statistically significant changes in parameters of heart remodeling and clinical picture of cardiovascular complications were not observed. A correlation analysis showed significant inverse correlations of hsCRP with left ventricular ejection fraction (LV EF) (r= -0.557; p=0.003), the number of plasma cells (PC) with LV EF (r= -0.443; p=0.023), and a direct correlation of the number of PC with hsCRP (r=0.433; p=0.022). CONCLUSION: During the study, the accepted criteria for cardiotoxicity of bortezomib-containing chemotherapy in patients with MM, were not met. The identified correlations between the level of markers for acute inflammation, indexes of intracardiac hemodynamics, and the immediate MM substrate may indicate the role of chronic low-intensity inflammation in the pathogenesis of myocardial remodeling in patients with MM. This necessitates further studies on larger samples of patients to assess the prognostic significance.

Memorization of Sequences of Movements of the Right or the Left Hand by Right- and Left-Handers: Vector Coding.

In order to test the hypothesis of hemisphere specialization for different types of information coding (the right hemisphere, for positional coding; the left one, for vector coding), we analyzed the errors of right and left-handers during a task involving the memorization of sequences of movements by the left or the right hand, which activates vector coding by changing the order of movements in memorized sequences. The task was first performed by the right or the left hand, then by the opposite hand. It was found that both'right- and left-handers use the information about the previous movements of the dominant hand, but not of the non-dom" inant one. After changing the hand, right-handers use the information about previous movements of the second hand, while left-handers do not. We compared our results with the data of previous experiments, in which positional coding was activated, and concluded that both right- and left-handers use vector coding for memorizing the sequences of their dominant hands and positional coding for memorizing the sequences of non-dominant hand. No similar patterns of errors were found between right- and left-handers after changing the hand, which suggests that in right- and left-handersthe skills are transferred in different ways depending on the type of coding.

[Comparative Analisys of Efficacy of Countermeasure Provided by Different Modes of Locomotor Training in Space Flight.]

According to the results of the experiment performed on the ISS with participation of 15 Russian cosmonauts was fulfilled the comparative analysis of two models of preventive measures used by the Russian members of the long term space flight: the intense interval training in the aerobic-anaerobic zone power (recommended model) and the continuous low-intensity exercise in the aerobic zone energy power of the muscle activity. The interval trainings in the conditions of the space flight have provided the maintenance of the level of physical performance close to the preflight level; characterized by the maximum running speed, physiological value of work and lactate level after a standard load. The putative mechanisms of counteraction to adaptive remodeling of the propulsion system in zero gravity and enhanced understanding of the laws governing the interaction of the human body with the gravitational field of the Earth are described in the paper. The research results presented in the article show the high preventive efficacy of interval training compared with regular aerobic trainings, what is very important now in the time of searching of the means and methods of prevention of hypogravitation alterations during the interplanetary missions.

EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE MAINTENANCE IN THE CONDITION OF LOW MOTOR ACTIVITY.

Investigations made by the World Health Organization showed that lack. of physical activity and sedentary lifestyle are among ten major causes for death and disability. Typially, studies of the negative effects of reduced physical activity and their prevention face difficulties of providing standard conditions. These issues were obviated successfully in experiment MARS-500 on simulation of a space exploration mission. Human subjects were 6 men from Russia, France, Italy and China who spent 520 days in isolation. To prevent the negative effects of low physical activity, the volunteers performed resistive and cyclic exercises in different periods of isolation. The study was designed with two pauses in the training program. Physical performance was evaluated with an incremental loading test, maximal voluntary effort test (Russian-Austrian MDS resistive exercise system), and PWC-170 (bicycle ergometer). Level of physical performance of the subjects in this experiment never degraded to below baseline values. The proposed training system comprising different kinds of exercise ensured stability or improvement of subjects' physical performance as compared with baseline level.

LOCOMOTION STRATEGIES AND INTENSITY OF SUPPORT REACTIONS AS AN APPROACH TO INDIVIDUALIZATION OF COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MICROGRAVITY.

A search for optimal methods of planning cosmonaut's training is currently guided by the concept of the leading role of support afferentation in hypogravity-induced changes of locomotion. Support afferentation is dependent on the strength of support reactions (SR); in this connection, the investigation was aimed at analysis of the vertical component of maximal SR at identical speeds of different types of locomotion on motorized and nonmotorized treadmill in I g and micro-g. Minimal vertical components of maximal SR were, measured during walk on the motorized treadmill. Maximal vertical components of maximal SR were measured during run on the nonmotorized treadmill. This was observed regularly on ISS treadmill BD-2 outfitted with vibroisolation and a special training suit to produce axial loading. On the ground, the relationship was less regular. Considerable differences of individual locomotion strategies and maximal SR values imply that SR is a factor that must be taken into account when planning individual training programs for rnosmonaut on long-duration missions.

Russian Countermeasure Systems for Adverse Effects of Microgravity on Long-Duration ISS Flights.

INTRODUCTION: The system of countermeasures for the adverse effects of microgravity developed in the USSR supported the successful implementation of long-duration spaceflight (LDS) programs on the Salyut and Mir orbital stations and was subsequently adapted for flights on the International Space Station (ISS). From 2000 through 2010, crews completed 26 ISS flight increments ranging in duration from 140 to 216 d, with the participation of 27 Russian cosmonauts. These flights have made it possible to more precisely determine a crew-member's level of conditioning, better assess the advantages and disadvantages of training processes, and determine prospects for future developments.

[Urine protein profile in healthy people following locomotor loading with changing intensity].

The paper analyzes data on how physical exercise as a standard test of cosmonaut's performance, affects the renal function and urine protein profile. The investication involved 10 normal human subjects. Following exercise, rate of renal excretion of proteins increased. The occurrence of 4 proteins out of 9 in urine did not alter and of 2 (alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase and cubilin) increased; occurrence of 3 proteins (kallikrein-1, osteopontin and vitamin K-dependent protein Z) decreased. Out of 24 proteins with molecular weights higher than albumin, 7 were detected in urine after exercise more frequently, 6 with same frequency as before the test and none less frequently which demonstrates lowered selectivity of the glomerular barrier during exercise.

[Memorization of Sequences of Movements of the Right and the Left Hand by Right- and Left-Handers].

We analyzed the errors of right- and left-handers when performing memorized sequences by the left or the right hand during the task which activates positional coding: after 6-10 times the order of movements changed (the positions remained the same during all task). The task was first performed by one ("initial") hand, and then by another one ("continuing"); there were 2 groups of right-handers and 2 groups of left-handers. It was found that the pattern of errors during the task performance by the initial hand is similar in right- and left-handers both for the dominant and non-dominant hand. The information about the previous positions after changing the order of elements is used in the sequences for subdominant hands and not used in the sequences for dominant ones. After changing the hand, right- and left-handers show different patterns of errors ("non-symmetrical"). Thus, the errors of right- and left-handers are "symmetrical" at the early stages of task performance, while the transfer of this motor skill in right-and left-handers occurs in different ways.

[The concept of the development of the otorhinolaryngological service in Moscow under conditions of modernization of the healthcare system and single-channel funding].

This paper highlights the complex of organizational and socio-economic measures designed to modify the healthcare system in the city of Moscow, improve the quality of medical aid, and ensure its availability for the urban population. The proposed methods were developed based on the results of analysis of the data obtained in the course of checking the work of the otorhinolaryngological services of the city, analysis of effectiveness of using the hospital stock in the therapeutic and prophylactic facilities of Moscow.

[Comparative efficacy of different regimens of locomotor training in long-term space flights by the data of biomechanical and electromyographic parametrs of walking].

Biomechanical and electromyographic characteristics of locomotion were investigated before and after space flight on the 3rd, 7th and 10th day after landing in 18 cosmonauts--crewmembers of long-term ISS space flights. It was shown that microgravity causes the development of significant changes in biomechanical and electromyographic characteristics of walking. Decrease of the angular displacement amplitude in leg joints, reduction of the length of the double step, increase of the electromyographic cost of locomotion were recorded after flight. It was also shown that interval locomotor physical training in long-term space flights in the regimen of alternation running and walking prevents physiological cost of locomotor movements increase after space flight and provides more effective maintenance of the neuromuscular system functions after flight. After flight smaller changes of biomechanical and electromyographic characteristics of walking were observed in cosmonauts who used locomotor training in interval regimen.

[Russian system of countermeasures: the present and future].

The paper considers the fundamental principles of the Russian countermeasures system validated successfully in multiple long-term missions to the Russian space stations. The system adopted on the ISS Russian segment is detailed. In particular, it is pinpointed that physical training of cosmonauts was adjusted to the demands of the stages of ISS assembly and utilization. The locomotion training performed with departures from the flight documentation (ODFs) is described. The concluding section of the paper lays out the picture of vistas for the system of countermeasures in future exploration missions.

[Management as a key professional competence of preventive medicine specialists].

The paper deals with the strategy of training specialists in preventive medicine and improvement of their professional skills for the management of activities aimed at the maintenance of adequate population health status and prevention of adverse effects of environmental factors. Integration of managerial issues into curricula and teaching courses for preventive medicine specialists may be instrumental in upgrading their professional level.

[Age-related characteristics of changes in aldehyde reductase activity in the skeletal muscle of rats during immobilization stress].

A study of peculiarities of aldehyde reductase (AR) activity changes in the skeletal muscle from 1.5-, 2-, 6-, 12-, 24-months old rats during immobilization stress has been carried out. It has been shown that 6- and 24-month old rats demonstrate the highest sensitivity to influence of prooxidant factors of immobilization stress. This included accumulation of conjugated dienes and Shiff bases in the muscle cells 30 minutes after the immobilization of animals from investigated age groups. These changes have been accompanied by activation of AR in 6-months old rats, however, the 24-months old rats have not shown changes in the enzyme activity. It is suggested that that age-dependent activity changes in AR-activity are one of the causes underlying different sensitivity of muscle cells to the conditions of oxidative stress which is formed during immobilization at different ontogenesis stages.

Age-related changes in activity of enzymes catalyzing oxidation-reduction of endogenous aldehydes in the liver of rats during immobilization stress.

Activities of aldehyde dehydrogenase and aldehyde reductase in the liver 1.5-, 12-, and 24-month-old rats were measured after 30-min immobilization. Changes in activities of aldehyde dehydrogenase and aldehyde reductase in the liver after immobilization stress depended on animal age. These shifts lead to a strain in endogenous aldehyde utilization in the aldehyde reductase reaction in 1.5-month-old animals and inhibition of utilization of these metabolites in oxidation-reduction reactions in 24-month-old rats.

[Peculiarities of pH influence on aldehyde reductase activity in the liver of rats from different age groups subject to immobilization stress]. / Osobennosti vliianiia pH na al'degidreduktaznuiu aktivnost' pecheni krys raznogo vozrasta, podvergnutykh immobilizatsionnomu stressu.

In order to develop the notions about the causes of age-dependent changes in the organism resistance to the influence of damaging stress factors the study of aldehyde reductase activity manifestations was carried out in the liver of 1.5-, 2-, 6-, 12-, 24-months-old rats subject to immobilization stress with different values of pH of reactive mixture. It has been shown that the immobilization stress is accompanied by the shift of the enzyme pH-optimum to the acid side. This change manifestation in 1.5-months-old and 24-months-old animals has been less significant as compared with that in the rats of other age groups.

[Roentgenocontrast lienography in experimental diffuse liver lesions]. / Rentgenokontrastnaia lienografiia pri éksperimental'nom diffuznom porazhenii pecheni.

The diagnostic potentialities of i. v. lienography were studied in experiments on rodents during the administration of the liposome forms of radiographic contrast agents (RCA) in the presence of chronic diffuse liver lesion simulated by subcutaneous injection of 50% oil solution of CCl4 for 2 months. The time-course of splenomegaly was found to be in direct relation to the CCl4 summary dose. The degree of pathomorphological changes of the hepatic tissue and pathological shifts in the blood clinical and biochemical findings show good correlation with the time-course of splenomegaly. The use of the RCA liposome forms extends the range of radiodiagnostic potentialities in the recognition of chronic diffuse liver lesion.