Staphylococcus epidermidis productor de biofilm como causa de uretritis en el sexo masculino

Introducción: La emergencia de Staphylococcus epidermidis como patógeno oportunista está relacionada a su capacidad de formación de biofilm. Objetivo: Identificar Staphylococcus epidermidis productor de biofilm como causa de uretritis en el sexo masculino, en el laboratorio de Microbiología del Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología Guantánamo durante el año 2019. Método: Se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y transversal en el laboratorio antes mencionado, con un universo de estudio conformado por 48 pacientes ambulatorios del sexo masculino con diagnóstico clínico de uretritis realizado por al médico de familia y que acudieron al laboratorio de Microbiología de dicho centro con indicación de exudado uretral con cultivo. Las variables estudiadas fueron: producción de las enzimas coagulasa, catalasa y oxidasa, crecimiento en agar manitol salado, sensibilidad de la novobiocina, producción de biofilm y resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Los resultados de las muestras fueron vaciados en una base de datos y fueron procesados con el programa SPSS versión 11.5. Resultados: Se identificó Staphylococcus epidermidis productor de biofilm como causa de uretritis en los 48 pacientes del sexo masculino estudiados. Este microorganismo mostró resistencia nula o disminuida frente a ciprofloxacina, norfloxacina, amikacina, gentamicina, amoxicilina con sulbactam, cotrimoxazol y tetraciclina. Conclusiones: Staphylococcus epidermidis emerge como patógeno oportunista frecuente en pacientes del sexo masculino con diagnóstico clínico de uretritis, con significativa resistencia a los antibióticos betalactámicos no combinados con inhibidores de la betalactamasa.

Introduction: Staphylococcus epidermidis as an opportunistic pathogen and its ability to form biofilm has become an emergency situation. Objective: To identify biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis as a cause of urethritis in males. Study performed throughout 2019 in the Microbiología Lab of the Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología Lab in Guantánamo. Method: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at the aforementioned lab, envolving a total of 48 male outpatients with a clinical diagnosis of urethritis certified by the family physician, attended in the Microbiology laboratory with their respective urethral discharge culture indication. The variables studied were as follow: coagulase, catalase and oxidase enzyme production test, growth of mannitol salt agar, novobiocin sensitivity, biofilm production and antimicrobial resistance. The sampling results were introduced in a database and processed with the software SPSS version 11.5. Results: Biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis was identified as the cause of urethritis in the 48 male patients involved in the study. This microorganism showed cero or low resistance to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, amikacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin-sulbactam combination, cotrimoxazole and tetracycline. Conclusions: Staphylococcus epidermidis emerges as a common opportunistic pathogen in male patients with a clinical diagnosis of urethritis, with significant resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics not combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors.

Introdução: O surgimento do Staphylococcus epidermidis como patógeno oportunista está relacionado à sua capacidade de formação de biofilme. Objetivo: Identificar Staphylococcus epidermidis, produtor de biofilme como causador de uretrite em homens, no laboratório de Microbiologia do Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología Guantánamo durante o ano de 2019. Método: Investigação observacional, descritiva e transversal. realizado no referido laboratório, tendo como universo de estudo 48 doentes ambulatórios do sexo masculino com diagnóstico clínico de uretrite feito pelo médico de família e que compareceram ao laboratório de Microbiologia do referido centro com indicação de exsudato uretral com cultura. As variáveis estudadas foram: produção das enzimas coagulase, catalase e oxidase, crescimento em ágar manitol salgado, sensibilidade à novobiocina, produção de biofilme e resistência a antimicrobianos. Os resultados das amostras foram digitados em um banco de dados e processados no programa SPSS versão 11.5. Resultados: O Staphylococcus epidermidis produtor de biofilme foi identificado como a causa da uretrite nos 48 pacientes masculinos estudados. Este microrganismo não apresentou ou apresentou resistência reduzida contra ciprofloxacino, norfloxacino, amicacina, gentamicina, amoxicilina com sulbactam, cotrimoxazol e tetraciclina. Conclusões: Staphylococcus epidermidis surge como um patógeno oportunista frequente em pacientes do sexo masculino com diagnóstico clínico de uretrite, com resistência significativa a antibióticos beta-lactâmicos não combinados com inibidores de beta-lactamase.

Effect of Aging on Three Lures Used for Monitoring Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae): Release Rate, Volatile Composition, and Fly Recaptures.

Prevention and control programs for Ceratitis capitata require a large supply of lures and traps for use in established trapping networks and mass-trapping suppression measures. The main lures currently used are: Trimedure (TML), three-component Biolure (BL), and Ceratrap (CT). The aim of this study was to determine the release rates of these lures, the chemical composition of their volatiles, and how these parameters change with exposure time. Tests were conducted under field conditions at three different elevations (25, 500, and 1,300 masl) during the dry and rainy seasons in Chiapas, Mexico. We found that for TML and BL, the release rate was similar in both seasons and at all three elevations. In the case of CT, the release rate was greater during the dry season and at the lowest elevation during the rainy season. With the caveat of using solid-phase microextraction technique for identification of lure compounds in this study, we found that the volatile compounds of TML were maintained throughout the rainy season, however, in the dry season, some compounds could not be detected. The volatile compounds emitted by BL were trimethylamine, ammonium acetate, and acetamide. Among volatile compounds of CT, acetic acid was the most abundant in the rainy season, while minor compounds were only detected during the first five weeks. Recapture rates were affected by elevation in the three lures tested and there was a significant interaction between elevation in exposure time for TML and BL.

Pupation Substrate Type and Volume Affect Pupation, Quality Parameters and Production Costs of a Reproductive Colony of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) VIENNA 8 Genetic Sexing Strain.

Adequate pupation substrates and substrate volume are critical factors in the mass-rearing of insects for Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) applications. To identify an ideal pupation substrate for a reproductive colony of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) VIENNA 8 genetic sexing strain, we first examined pupation in cellulose from recycled paper (cellulose I), sawdust, fine wheat bran, vermiculite and coconut fiber using a volume of 2.5-12.5 mL of substrate for each 5 mL volume of fly larvae. We found a positive relationship between substrate volume and pupation, with cellulose I generating the highest proportions of pupation and coconut fiber the lowest. Higher proportions of female flies (white pupae) pupated in sawdust. The proportion of female fliers increased as substrate volume rose in sawdust and coconut fiber, whereas it decreased in vermiculite and cellulose. In a second experiment, we tested three types of cellulose differing in physicochemical characteristics (celluloses I, II and III), sawdust, and fine wheat bran using a substrate:larvae ratio of 1:1. The three types of cellulose produced the highest pupation levels. The highest proportions of female fliers were observed in sawdust, and cellulose types III and II. Cellulose III and sawdust at relatively low volumes were more cost-effective to produce one million pupae than other substrates, including fine wheat bran used in a mass-rearing facility in Mexico.

Directional selection to improve the sterile insect technique: Survival and sexual performance of desiccation resistant Anastrepha ludens strains.

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an effective, environmentally friendly method for insect control whose success depends on the sexual performance and survival of sterile males. These two parameters are influenced by environmental conditions of target areas, and releasing insects with a higher tolerance to stressful environments can improve SIT efficiency. Directional selection can be used to produce insect strains with higher tolerance to extreme environmental conditions, such as low humidity, for extended periods. We evaluated, under field cage conditions, the sexual competitiveness, sexual compatibility, and survival of strains of Anastrepha ludens (Loew) selected for desiccation resistance to determine the value of directional selection as a possible approach to enhance SIT efficiency. Fly strains (selected and unselected and those mass-reared) were exposed to stressful conditions of low humidity and food and water deprivation for 24 hr before test. As a control, mild conditions without the stressors were used. No differences in sexual competitiveness and sexual compatibility between selected, nonselected, and mass-reared strains were observed when previously exposed to mild conditions. Thus, selection for desiccation resistance does not modified negatively the sexual performance. However, when insects were exposed to stressful conditions, males of selected strains sexually outperform mass-reared males. Additionally, selected strains presented higher survival than mass-reared flies. The approach to integrate directional selection with other technologies in the SIT as well as the implications of using a desiccation-selected strain in the current pest management program is discussed.

¿Es completo el reporte de los estudios observacionales publicados en la Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología? estudio de corte transversal / Assessing the completeness of reporting of observational studies in Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology. Cross sectional study

Introduction: The STROBE statement (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology), consisting of 22 points, was published in 2007 with the aim of improving the reporting of observational research. Objective: To determine the completeness of reporting of observational studies published in the Colombian Journal of Anaesthesiology between 2000 and 2013 using STROBE. Methods: Cross-sectional study. The units of analysis were observational studies published in Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology between 2000 (volume 28) and 2013 (volume 41). Of the randomly selected studies, 40% were included. The primary outcome was the completeness of the report of each study. Using two groups, the researchers applied the STROBE statement independently, supported by an arbitrator. Descriptive analyses, time series analyses and multiple linear regression analyses were used. Results: Overall, 55 studies were identified and 22 (40%) were randomly chosen. The median overall completeness according to STROBE was 57%, 95% CI (48-66%). Items with higher completeness in the reports were the Title and Introduction (89% each), followed by Methods 53%, Results 50%, and Discussion 58%. There were no significant differences between before and after the publication of STROBE. Conclusion: The completeness of reporting of observational studies in the Colombian Journal of Anaesthesiology is close to 60%, according to results worldwide. No change was found as a result of the publication of the STROBE Statement in 2007.

Introducción: La declaración STROBE (Strenghtening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) se publicó en el 2007 con el objetivo de mejorar el reporte de la investigación de tipo observacional, consta de 22 puntos. Objetivo: Determinar la completitud del reporte de estudios observacionales publicados en la Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología entre el aüo 2000 al 2013 mediante STROBE. Métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. La unidad de análisis fueron los estudios observacionales publicados en la Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología desde el ano 2000 (volumen 28) hasta el ano 2013 (volumen 41). Se incluyó un 40% del total de estudios seleccionados aleatoriamente. El desenlace primario fue la completitud del reporte de cada estudio. Mediante dos grupos, los investigadores aplicaron la declaración STROBE de forma independiente con el apoyo de un árbitro. Se utilizó análisis descriptivo, análisis de series temporales y regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: Se identificaron 55 estudios y se escogieron al azar 22 (40%). La mediana de completitud global de STROBE fue de 57% IC95% (48%-66%). Los ítems con mayor completitud de los reportes fueron en el título y la introducción (89% cada uno), métodos: 53%, Resultados 50%, discusión 58%. No se encontró diferencias significativas entre el periodo pre y post publicación de STROBE. Conclusión: La completitud del reporte de los estudio observacionales de la Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología es cercana al 60%, acorde con resultados a nivel mundial. No presentó cambios con la publicación de la declaración STROBE en el 2007.

Enfoque de riesgo de la meningoencefalitis aguda en niños ingresados en el Hospital Provincial de Ciego de Ávila / Focus risk of acute meningoencephalitis in children admitted to the Provincial Hospital in Ciego de Ávila

Introducción: entre las infecciones que afectan el sistema nervioso central se destacan, por su alta incidencia en la población infantil, las meningoencefalitis bacterianas y virales. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento epidemiológico de un grupo de factores de riesgo y su asociación con la meningoencefalitis aguda en niños ingresados en el Hospital Provincial General Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola, de Ciego de Ávila, de enero de 2013 a abril de 2014. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles pareados por edad y sexo; el universo estuvo constituido por 45 niños diagnosticados de meningoencefalitis aguda, y sus respectivos controles. La información se recolectó mediante un formulario; para caracterizar la población estudiada, en el análisis estadístico se determinaron las frecuencias absolutas y relativas; como medida del riesgo se calculó la oportunidad relativa. Resultados: la enfermedad fue más frecuente en los niños que presentaron factores de riesgo tales como antecedentes de infecciones respiratorias agudas altas, exposición al humo del tabaco inmunodeficiencia, malnutrición por defecto, prematuridad y condiciones de hacinamiento en la vivienda. Conclusiones: algunos de los factores de riesgo estudiados, cuando actúan de forma simultánea o multifactorial -a excepción del hacinamiento, la prematuridad, la no lactancia materna y la malnutrición por defecto-, tienen asociación estadísticamente significativa con la presentación de meningoencefalitis aguda en niños. Es posible reducir la incidencia de esta infección en edades pediátricas mediante el control o eliminación de factores de riesgo como la inmunodeficiencia, la exposición al humo del tabaco y las infecciones espiratorias agudas altas(AU)

Introduction: among infections that affect the central nervous system stand out, because of its high incidence in children, bacterial and viral meningoencephalitis.Objective: to determine the epidemiological behavior of a group of risk factors and their association with acute meningoencephalitis in children admitted to the Provincial General Teaching Hospital Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola of Ciego de Ávila, from January 2013 to April 2014. Method: an observational analytical study of cases and controls matched by age and sex was carried out; the universe consisted of 45 children diagnosed with acute meningoencephalitis, and their respective controls. The information was collected through a form; in order to characterize the population studied, in the statistical analysis were determined absolute and relative frequencies; the odds ratio was calculated as a measure of risk.Results: the disease was more common in children who had risk factors such as a history of acute upper respiratory tract infections, exposure to smoke snuff, immunodeficiency, malnutrition by default, prematurity and overcrowded housing.Conclusions: some of the risk factors studied, when act in simultaneous or multifactorial way -except overcrowding, prematurity, not breastfeeding and malnutrition by default- have statistically significant association with the presentation of acute meningoencephalitis in children. It is possible to reduce the incidence of this infection in pediatric age by controlling or eliminating risk factors such as immunodeficiency, exposure to smoke snuff and high acute respiratory infections(AU)

A New Adult Diet Formulation for Sterile Males of Anastrepha ludens and Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae).

A new adult diet formulation was evaluated for sterile Anastrepha ludens (Loew) and Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) males at the emergence and release facility of fruit flies in Mexico. The formulation consists of hydrolyzed protein, sugar, juvenile hormone analogue methoprene, and water. The proportion of the ingredients between the solute (4% hydrolyzed protein and 96% sugar) and solvent (10% methoprene and 90% water) was 5:1. This new formulation was called the 1:24 formulation. The main objectives of this study were to develop a simple way to supply the 1:24 formulation to adults and to compare the sexual performance of these flies with the performance of flies fed a standard diet (called the Mubarqui formulation) used at the emergence and release facility of fruit flies in Mexico. The preparation, time, and cost also were evaluated. The results showed no significant differences in the sexual behaviors of the males (number of males mating, number of males calling, mating latency, and mating duration) between the 1:24 formulation and the Mubarqui formulation. However, the cost and the required preparation time are much lower for the 1:24 formulation process than for the Mubarqui formulation process. Based on these results, we recommend the 1:24 formulation as an additional adult diet option in the handling of sterile flies. Its application is practical and does not require changes in packaging systems. The contribution of our findings and their potential application to the improvement of the sterile insect technique are discussed.

Sterility and Sexual Competitiveness of Tapachula-7 Anastrepha ludens Males Irradiated at Different Doses.

A genetic sexing strain of Anastrepha ludens (Loew), Tapachula-7, was developed by the Mexican Program Against Fruit Flies to produce and release only males in programs where the sterile insect technique (SIT) is applied. Currently, breeding are found at a massive scale, and it is necessary to determine the optimum irradiation dose that releases sterile males with minimum damage to their sexual competitiveness. Under laboratory and field conditions, we evaluated the effects of gamma irradiation at doses of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 Gy on the sexual competitiveness of males, the induction of sterility in wild females and offspring survivorship. The results of the study indicate that irradiation doses have a significant effect on the sexual behavior of males. A reduction of mating capacity was inversely proportional to the irradiation dose of males. It is estimated that a dose of 60 Gy can induce more than 99% sterility in wild females. In all treatments, the degree of offspring fertility was correlated with the irradiation dose of the parents. In conclusion, the results of the study indicate that a dose of 60 Gy can be applied in sterile insect technique release programs. The application of this dose in the new genetic sexing strain of A. ludens is discussed.

Ventilación mecánica en pacientes con hemorragia cerebral / Mechanical ventilation in patients with cerebral hemorrhage

Introducción: En la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital General Docente Dr Agostinho Neto de Guantánamo la atención con ventilación artificial mecánica invasiva a pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular es una situación profesional común registrada en el banco de problemas, lo que motiva este estudio. Objetivo: Precisar los rasgos esenciales de los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular hemorrágica tratados con ventilación artificial mecánica invasiva en dicha unidad durante 2013. Método: Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo en 78 pacientes: Se precisa el tipo de hemorragia cerebral, edad, sexo, puntuación de la escala de Glasgow; estadía, estado al egreso, causa directa de muerte, causa de prescripción de la ventilación artificial mecánica invasiva, tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad cerebrovascular hemorrágica al inicio de la ventilación artificial mecánica invasiva; tiempo de la ventilación; complicaciones de la ventilación. Resultados: El 96,1 por ciento de los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular es tratado con ventilación artificial mecánica invasiva. Estos se caracterizan por: tener una hemorragia cerebral intraparenquimatosa, ser mayores de 60 años, mujer, puntuación de Glasgow inferior a 8, se ventilan aproximadamente 7 horas después del inicio de los síntomas. La neumonía asociada a la ventilación es la complicación más frecuente. La letalidad es de 88,9 por ciento. El mayor porcentaje fallece por falla multiorgánica. Conclusiones: La proporción de pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular tratados con ventilación artificial mecánica invasiva es alta, y en ellos es elevada la letalidad(AU)

Introduction: In the intensive care unit of the General Teaching Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto Guantanamo attention with artificial invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with cerebrovascular disease is a common professional status recorded in the bank problems, what motivates this study. Purpose: To specify the essential features of patients with hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease treated with artificial invasive mechanical ventilation in the ICU during 2013. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study was performed in 78 patients: the type of cerebral hemorrhage, age is required, sex, scale score of Glasgow; stay, status at discharge, direct cause of death, cause of prescription invasive mechanical artificial ventilation, duration of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease at the beginning of invasive mechanical artificial ventilation; venting time; complications of ventilation. Results: 96,1 percent of patients with cerebrovascular disease is treated with invasive mechanical artificial ventilation. These are characterized by: having an intraparenchymal cerebral hemorrhage, be over 60 years old, female, score less than 8 Glasgow, vented about 7 hours after the start of symptoms.the ventilator-associated by pneumonia is the most common complication. The fatality rate is 88,9 percent. The highest percentage died from multiorgan failure. Conclusions: The proportion of patients with cerebrovascular disease treated with invasive mechanical ventilation is artificially high, and in them the lethality is high(AU)

Neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos en el Hospital General Docente Dr Agostinho Neto de Guantánamo / Artificial respiration associated with pneumonia in the ICU at the General Teaching Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto, Guantanamo

En la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto de Guantánamo, la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica se registra en el banco de problemas, lo que motiva este estudio. Donde se precisan los rasgos esenciales de los pacientes con neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica egresados de dicha unidad durante el 2013. Se realiza un estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo en 92 pacientes con esta afección; se identifica la frecuencia, edad, sexo, tipo de neumonía, motivo de ingreso, factores de riesgo, días de ventilados, evolución, estado al egreso, entre otras variables. Se encontró predomino del sexo masculino mayores de 60 años en el fallecimiento por neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica con una forma tardía de la enfermedad. El mayor porcentaje se ventila más de 6 días, y están afectados por una hemorragia cerebral. El 83,3 por ciento fallece por la severidad de la enfermedad que motiva su ingreso. Los principales factores de riesgo son la utilización de relajantes musculares y la colocación de sonda nasogástrica. La proporción de pacientes con neumonía asociada a la ventilación es alta, y en ellos es elevada la letalidad(AU)

In the intensive care unit at the Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto Guantanamo, the pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation is recorded in the bank problems. Where the essential features of patients with associated pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation admitted in this unit during 2013. A descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study was performed in 92 patients with this condition; frequency, age, sex, type of pneumonia, reason for admission, risk factors, ventilated days, evolution, discharge status, among other, variables are identified. Predominance of older males 60 years in the death from pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation with a late form of the disease. The highest percentage is ventilated more than six days, and are affected by a brain hemorrhage. 83,3 percent die by the severity of the disease motivating the admission. The main risk factors are the use of muscle relaxants and the placement of nasogastric tube. The proportion of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia is high, and in them is high the lethality

Effects of scatter radiation on ICD and CRT function.

BACKGROUND: Effects of direct radiation on implantable cardiac devices have been well studied. However, the effects of scatter radiation are not as clear. Recommendations on management of patients with implantable cardiac devices undergoing radiotherapy are based on limited studies mostly involving pacemakers. We sought to elucidate the effects of scatter radiation on implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)-ICDs. METHODS: We exposed 12 ICDs and eight CRT-ICDs to 400 cGy of scatter radiation from a 6-MV photon beam. Devices were programmed with nominal parameters and interrogated prior to radiation, after each fraction, upon completion of the radiation course and again 1 week later. A retrospective review of patients undergoing radiotherapy at the Mayo Clinic-Rochester between 2002 and 2007 in whom the device was outside the radiation field was also performed. There were 13 patients with devices undergoing radiotherapy during this time period, 12 of whom were interrogated prior to and after radiation. RESULTS: Interrogation reports were reviewed for device reset or parameter changes. There was no evidence of reset or malfunction during or after radiation. Also, no episodes of device reset, inappropriate sensing or therapy, or changes in programmed parameters were found in our review of patients undergoing radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Device reset or malfunction associated with scatter radiation likely represents an unpredictable, rare occurrence. While we see no clear contraindication to radiotherapy in patients with ICDs or CRT-ICDs, precautions should be taken to avoid direct radiation exposure and to closely evaluate patient outcomes before and after the radiation course.

High resolution magnetic images of planar wave fronts reveal bidomain properties of cardiac tissue.

We magnetically imaged the magnetic action field and optically imaged the transmembrane potentials generated by planar wavefronts on the surface of the left ventricular wall of Langendorff-perfused isolated rabbit hearts. The magnetic action field images were used to produce a time series of two-dimensional action current maps. Overlaying epifluorescent images allowed us to identify a net current along the wavefront and perpendicular to gradients in the transmembrane potential. This is in contrast to a traditional uniform double-layer model where the net current flows along the gradient in the transmembrane potential. Our findings are supported by numerical simulations that treat cardiac tissue as a bidomain with unequal anisotropies in the intra- and extracellular spaces. Our measurements reveal the anisotropic bidomain nature of cardiac tissue during plane wave propagation. These bidomain effects play an important role in the generation of the whole-heart magnetocardiogram and cannot be ignored.