Incidence of depressive symptoms and its association with sociodemographic factors and lifestyle-related behaviors among Brazilian university students.

Entering university brings on changes in lifestyle and psychological stress and has been associated with increased risk of 1988 in college students. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of depressive symptoms and associated sociodemographic and lifestyle factors among university students. A dynamic cohort of freshmen was followed up for three years, starting at their entry to university (baseline) and then annually. A structured auto administered questionnaire was applied to obtain information on age, sex, economic class, living situation, smoking and drinking, sedentary and sleep behaviors, and change in physical activity after university admission. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionaire-9. Incidence and incidence rate of depressive symptoms were calculated. Poisson Regression with robust variance was used to identify risk factors associated to these disorders. A total of 1,034 students without depressive symptoms at baseline were investigated. The overall incidence of depressive symptoms was 28.3% and the incidence rate (IR) was 2.12, being greater for females (2.75) than males (1.65). The IR decreased over time for both males (from 2.61 to 0.41) and females (from 4.25 to 0.54). A greater risk of depressive symptoms was observed for younger male students compared to those ≥20 years old (IRRadj = 1.64) and for women who reported concomitant use of alcohol and tobacco compared to those that reported no smoking and no alcohol consumption. For both males (IRRadj = 2.80) and females (IRRadj = 1.91), severe stress level was associated with greater risk of depressive symptoms when compared to mild stress level. Depressive Symptoms occurred more significantly in females, in the early years of undergraduate course, in males <20 years old, and among those with high stress level. Understanding the possible causes of depression is essential to promote mental health and well-being among college student.

Prevalence of disordered eating behaviors and associated factors in Brazilian university students.

BACKGROUND: University students may be a vulnerable group to adopt unhealthy behaviors, including changes in eating behavior. Assessment of factors associated with the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors in this population may facilitate the early identification of their predictors, thus allowing fast interventions. AIM: To analyze the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors (DEB) and associated factors in Brazilian university students. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of male and female students aged 16-25 years, enrolled in full-time degree program at a public university in the mid-west of Brazil. Disordered eating behaviors in the last three months (binge eating, purging, and food restriction), through an adapted version of the instrument developed by Hay, was evaluated and the association with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, including lifestyle, body image, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and excess weight, was analyzed. A hierarchical analysis model was performed to determine the relative importance of factors on the prevalence of DEB. RESULTS: A total of 1608 university students were evaluated (50.7% male). Prevalence of DEB was 4.4% for binge eating, 2.5% for purging and 9.1% for food restriction, all of which were higher among women (7.0%, 4.4%, and 13.5%) compared with men (1.8%, 0,6%, and 4.9%, respectively). The factors that remained significantly associated with these behaviors were female sex, smoking, consumption of alcoholic beverages, dissatisfaction with body image, excess weight, high perceived stress, and presence of self-reported depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Factors associated with DEB signal that intervention is required to create synergy between individual and population-level interventions in lifestyle behaviors.

IGG4-Related Pleural Bridging Fibrosis, Retrosternal Fibrosclerosis and Retroperitoneal Fibrosis in an Asbestos-Exposed Patient / Fibrosis pleural en puente, fibroesclerosis retroesternal y fibrosis retroperitoneal relacionadas con IGG4 en un paciente expuesto a asbesto

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Validation of the STOP-Bang questionnaire as a means of screening for obstructive sleep apnea in adults in Brazil / Validação do questionário STOP-Bang para a identificação de apneia obstrutiva do sono em adultos no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To validate the Portuguese-language version of the STOP-Bang (acronym for Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and Gender) questionnaire, culturally adapted for use in Brazil, as a means of screening for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults. Methods: In this validation study, we enrolled patients ≥ 18 years of age, recruited between May of 2015 and November of 2016. All patients completed the STOP-Bang questionnaire and underwent overnight polysomnography. To evaluate the performance of the questionnaire, we used contingency tables and areas under the (receiver operating characteristic) curve (AUCs). Results: We included 456 patients. The mean age was 43.7 ± 12.5 years, and 291 (63.8%) of the patients were male. On the basis of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), we categorized OSA as mild/moderate/severe (any OSA; AHI ≥ 5 events/h), moderate/severe (AHI ≥ 15 events/h), or severe (AHI ≥ 30 events/h). The overall prevalence of OSA was 78.3%, compared with 52.0%, and 28.5% for moderate/severe and severe OSA, respectively. The most common score on the STOP-Bang questionnaire was 4 points (n = 106), followed by 3 points (n = 85) and 5 points (n = 82). An increase in the score was paralleled by a reduction in sensitivity with a corresponding increase in specificity for all AHI cut-off points. The AUCs obtained for the identification of any, moderate/severe, and severe OSA were: 0.743, 0.731, and 0.779, respectively. For any OSA, the score on the questionnaire (cut-off, ≥ 3 points) presented sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 83.5%, 45.5%, and 75.2%, respectively. Conclusions: The STOP-Bang questionnaire performed adequately for OSA screening, indicating that it could be used as an effective screening tool for the disorder.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar a validação da versão brasileira do questionário STOP-Bang (acrônimo em inglês para Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and Gender) para a identificação de apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) em adultos. Métodos: Neste estudo de validação, foram incluídos pacientes com idade ≥ 18 anos, recrutados entre maio de 2015 e novembro de 2016. Todos os pacientes completaram o questionário STOP-Bang e foram submetidos a polissonografia de noite inteira. O índice de apneias e hipopneias (IAH) foi calculado. Foram utilizadas tabelas de contingência e a área sob a curva (ASC) ROC para avaliar o desempenho do questionário. Resultados: Foram incluídos 456 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 43,7 ± 12,5 anos, e 291 (63,8%) dos pacientes eram homens. Com base no IAH, a AOS foi classificada em leve/moderada/grave (AOS, independentemente da gravidade; IAH ≥ 5 eventos/h), cuja prevalência foi de 78,3%; moderada/grave (IAH ≥ 15 eventos/h), cuja prevalência foi de 52,0%; e grave (IAH ≥ 30 eventos/h), cuja prevalência foi de 28,5%. A pontuação mais frequentemente obtida no STOP-Bang foi 4 (n = 106), seguida de 3 (n = 85) e 5 (n = 82). O aumento da pontuação obtida no STOP-Bang (pontuação máxima: 8) resultou em redução da sensibilidade e aumento correspondente da especificidade em todos os pontos de corte do IAH (≥ 5, ≥ 15 e ≥ 30 eventos/h). A ASC para a identificação de AOS, AOS moderada/grave e AOS grave foi de 0,743, 0,731 e 0,779, respectivamente. Para a identificação de AOS, a pontuação no STOP-Bang (valor de corte ≥ 3) apresentou sensibilidade de 83,5%, especificidade de 45,5% e acurácia de 75,2%. Conclusões: O questionário STOP-Bang mostrou-se adequado para identificar AOS e pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz para o diagnóstico do transtorno.

Validation of the STOP-Bang questionnaire as a means of screening for obstructive sleep apnea in adults in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the Portuguese-language version of the STOP-Bang (acronym for Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and Gender) questionnaire, culturally adapted for use in Brazil, as a means of screening for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults. METHODS: In this validation study, we enrolled patients ≥ 18 years of age, recruited between May of 2015 and November of 2016. All patients completed the STOP-Bang questionnaire and underwent overnight polysomnography. To evaluate the performance of the questionnaire, we used contingency tables and areas under the (receiver operating characteristic) curve (AUCs). RESULTS: We included 456 patients. The mean age was 43.7 ± 12.5 years, and 291 (63.8%) of the patients were male. On the basis of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), we categorized OSA as mild/moderate/severe (any OSA; AHI ≥ 5 events/h), moderate/severe (AHI ≥ 15 events/h), or severe (AHI ≥ 30 events/h). The overall prevalence of OSA was 78.3%, compared with 52.0%, and 28.5% for moderate/severe and severe OSA, respectively. The most common score on the STOP-Bang questionnaire was 4 points (n = 106), followed by 3 points (n = 85) and 5 points (n = 82). An increase in the score was paralleled by a reduction in sensitivity with a corresponding increase in specificity for all AHI cut-off points. The AUCs obtained for the identification of any, moderate/severe, and severe OSA were: 0.743, 0.731, and 0.779, respectively. For any OSA, the score on the questionnaire (cut-off, ≥ 3 points) presented sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 83.5%, 45.5%, and 75.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The STOP-Bang questionnaire performed adequately for OSA screening, indicating that it could be used as an effective screening tool for the disorder.

STOP-Bang questionnaire: translation to Portuguese and cross-cultural adaptation for use in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE:: To translate and perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and Gender (STOP-Bang) questionnaire so that it can be used as a screening tool for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in Brazil. METHODS:: Based on the principles of good practice for the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of such instruments, the protocol included the following steps: acquisition of authorization from the lead author of the original questionnaire; translation of the instrument to Brazilian Portuguese, carried out by two translators; reconciliation; back-translation to English, carried out by two English teachers who are fluent in Portuguese; review of the back-translation; harmonization; review and approval of the questionnaire by the original author; cognitive debriefing involving 14 patients who completed the questionnaire; analysis of the results; and review and preparation of the final version of the instrument approved by the review committee. RESULTS:: The final version of the STOP-Bang questionnaire for use in Brazil showed a clarity score > 9 (on a scale of 1-10) for all of the questions. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.62, demonstrating the internal consistency of the instrument. The means and standard deviations of the age, body mass index, and neck circumference of the patients studied were 46.8 ± 11.2 years, 43.7 ± 8.5 kg/m2, and 41.3 ± 3.6 cm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:: The STOP-Bang questionnaire proved to be understandable, clear, and applicable. The original instrument and the translated version, cross-culturally adapted for use in Brazil, were consistently equivalent. Therefore, it can become a widely used screening tool for patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea. OBJETIVO:: Realizar a tradução e adaptação transcultural do questionário Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and Gender (STOP-Bang) para a língua portuguesa falada no Brasil, de forma a possibilitar sua aplicação como instrumento de triagem para o diagnóstico da apneia obstrutiva do sono. MÉTODOS:: Embasado nos princípios de boas práticas para a tradução e adaptação transcultural desses instrumentos, o protocolo incluiu os seguintes passos: obtenção de autorização da autora principal do questionário original; tradução, realizada por dois tradutores; reconciliação; tradução retrógrada realizada por dois professores de inglês procedentes de países de língua inglesa e fluentes na língua portuguesa; revisão da tradução retrógrada; harmonização; revisão e aprovação do questionário pela autora original; desdobramento cognitivo com 14 pacientes que responderam ao questionário; análise dos resultados; e revisão e preparação da versão final do instrumento pelo comitê revisor. RESULTADOS:: A versão final do questionário STOP-Bang traduzida para a língua portuguesa falada no Brasil apresentou uma média de clareza > 9 (em uma escala de 1-10) em todas as questões. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach foi de 0,62, demonstrando a consistência interna do instrumento. As médias e desvios-padrão da idade, do índice de massa corpórea e da circunferência de pescoço dos pacientes foram de, respectivamente, 46,8 ± 11,2 anos, 43,7 ± 8,5 kg/m² e 41,3 ± 3,6 cm. CONCLUSÕES:: O questionário STOP-Bang mostrou-se compreensível, claro e aplicável. Houve consistência na equivalência do questionário original com o traduzido e adaptado para uso no Brasil, podendo esse se tornar um instrumento de triagem amplamente utilizado para pacientes com suspeita de apneia obstrutiva do sono.

STOP-Bang questionnaire: translation to Portuguese and cross-cultural adaptation for use in Brazil / Tradução e adaptação transcultural do questionário STOP-Bang para a língua portuguesa falada no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To translate and perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and Gender (STOP-Bang) questionnaire so that it can be used as a screening tool for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in Brazil. Methods: Based on the principles of good practice for the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of such instruments, the protocol included the following steps: acquisition of authorization from the lead author of the original questionnaire; translation of the instrument to Brazilian Portuguese, carried out by two translators; reconciliation; back-translation to English, carried out by two English teachers who are fluent in Portuguese; review of the back-translation; harmonization; review and approval of the questionnaire by the original author; cognitive debriefing involving 14 patients who completed the questionnaire; analysis of the results; and review and preparation of the final version of the instrument approved by the review committee. Results: The final version of the STOP-Bang questionnaire for use in Brazil showed a clarity score > 9 (on a scale of 1-10) for all of the questions. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.62, demonstrating the internal consistency of the instrument. The means and standard deviations of the age, body mass index, and neck circumference of the patients studied were 46.8 ± 11.2 years, 43.7 ± 8.5 kg/m2, and 41.3 ± 3.6 cm, respectively. Conclusions: The STOP-Bang questionnaire proved to be understandable, clear, and applicable. The original instrument and the translated version, cross-culturally adapted for use in Brazil, were consistently equivalent. Therefore, it can become a widely used screening tool for patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea.

Resumo Objetivo: Realizar a tradução e adaptação transcultural do questionário Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and Gender (STOP-Bang) para a língua portuguesa falada no Brasil, de forma a possibilitar sua aplicação como instrumento de triagem para o diagnóstico da apneia obstrutiva do sono. Métodos: Embasado nos princípios de boas práticas para a tradução e adaptação transcultural desses instrumentos, o protocolo incluiu os seguintes passos: obtenção de autorização da autora principal do questionário original; tradução, realizada por dois tradutores; reconciliação; tradução retrógrada realizada por dois professores de inglês procedentes de países de língua inglesa e fluentes na língua portuguesa; revisão da tradução retrógrada; harmonização; revisão e aprovação do questionário pela autora original; desdobramento cognitivo com 14 pacientes que responderam ao questionário; análise dos resultados; e revisão e preparação da versão final do instrumento pelo comitê revisor. Resultados: A versão final do questionário STOP-Bang traduzida para a língua portuguesa falada no Brasil apresentou uma média de clareza > 9 (em uma escala de 1-10) em todas as questões. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach foi de 0,62, demonstrando a consistência interna do instrumento. As médias e desvios-padrão da idade, do índice de massa corpórea e da circunferência de pescoço dos pacientes foram de, respectivamente, 46,8 ± 11,2 anos, 43,7 ± 8,5 kg/m² e 41,3 ± 3,6 cm. Conclusões: O questionário STOP-Bang mostrou-se compreensível, claro e aplicável. Houve consistência na equivalência do questionário original com o traduzido e adaptado para uso no Brasil, podendo esse se tornar um instrumento de triagem amplamente utilizado para pacientes com suspeita de apneia obstrutiva do sono.

Síndrome hepatopulmonar / Hepatopulomonar syndrome

Introdução: a síndrome hepatopulmonar (SHP), caracterizada pela tríade de doença hepática, hipoxemia e comunicações arteriovenosas intrapulmonares (CAVI), é considerada uma indicação para o transplante hepático. Nosso objetivo é avaliar a prevalência da SHP no nosso meio. Métodos: avaliamos 40 pacientes com cirrose, sem doença cardiopulmonar, nos quais realizamos gasometria arterial com o paciente em repouso e respirando em ar ambiente e a pesquisa de CAVI pela ecocardiografia com contraste (ECC). Resultados: a SHP foi encontrada em 9/40 (22,5%) e em 10/40 (25,0%), e embora houvesse a presença de CAVI, os mesmos não apresentavam hipoxemia, assim como em 4/40 (10,0%) observamos hipoxemia sem a presença de CAVI. Os pacientes foram divididos em: grupo A, com 9 (22,5%) pacientes portadores da SHP, sendo 5 (55,6%) masculinos com a média de 48,2 ± 8,5 anos; e grupo B, 31 (77,5%) pacientes sem SHP, 18 (58,1%) masculinos com média 48,7 ± 12,6 anos (p>0,05). Os pacientes do grupo A apresentavam maior hipoxemia (PaO2 = 73,3 ± 7,3mmHg e gradiente alvéolo-arterial de oxigênio de 34,5 ± 11,9mmHg) quando comparados com os do grupo B (91,8 ± 8,6mmHg e 10,1 ± 8,8mmHg) (p<0,0001). Conclusão: nossos achados sugerem que a SHP é comum nos cirróticos (22,5%). E que nessa população a hipoxemia é multifatorial.

Introduction: the hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), characterized by the triad of liver disease, hypoxemia and intrapulmonary arteriovenous communications (IAVC), is considered a guidemark for liver transplantation. Our goal is to assess the prevalence of HPS in our midst. Methods: we evaluated 40 patients with cirrhosis without cardiopulmonary disease, in which we performed arterial blood gases analysis with the patient at rest breathing room air and researched IAVC submitting them to contrast echocardiography (CEC). Results: the HPS was found in 9/40 (22.5%) and in 10/40 (25.0%), although there was the presence of IAVC, they did not have hypoxemia. Just as in 4/40 (10.0%) we observed the presence of hypoxemia without IAVC. Patients were divided into Group A, represented by 9 (22.5%) patients with HPS, in which 5 (55.6%) were male with an average of age of 48.2 ± 8.5 years old. Group B was composed by 31 (77.5%) patients without HPS, in which 18 (58.1%) of them were male with an average of age of 48.7 ± 12.6 years old (p>0.05). Patients in group A had greater hypoxemia (PaO2 = 73.3 ± 7.3mmHg and alveolar-arterial gradient of oxygen = 34.5 ± 11.9mmHg) compared with group B (91.8 ± 8, 6mmHg and 10.1 ± 8.8mmHg) (p<0.0001). Conclusion: our fi ndings suggest that HPS is common in cirrhotic patients (22.5%). And that hypoxemia in this population is multifactorial.