ABSTRACT
Ischemic optic neuropathies (IONs) are the most frequent acute optic neuropathy in patients older than 50 years. They are classified according to the location of the ischemic damage into anterior ION and posterior ION. Ischemic optic neuropathies may also be categorized based on the presence or absence of temporal arteritis as an underlying etiology. Anterior ION presents with sudden, painless visual loss developing over hours to days. Examination findings usually include decreased visual acuity, a visual field defect, color vision loss, a relative afferent pupillary defect, and a swollen optic nerve head. Posterior ION occurs in arteritic, nonarteritic, and surgical settings. It is characterized by acute vision loss without initial disc edema but with subsequent optic disc atrophy.
Subject(s)
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic/diagnosis , Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic/pathology , Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic/physiopathology , Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic/therapy , Vision Disorders/complicationsABSTRACT
Anti-VEGF therapy is a promising new avenue for the treatment of ocular neovascular diseases. Early preclinical data and recent clinical data support the efficacy and safety of several novel anti-VEGF for NVAMD. Whether these novel biologics are used on their own, in combination with previously available therapies, or with newly developing therapies, they represent a new avenue in treatment. These agents are highly selective in their targeted approaches, and when administered appropriately , offer treatment with minimal damage to retinal tissue. In the future, biotherapeutic agents will certainly play a powerful role in the treatment of human choroidal neovascular membrane formation.
