Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizas and dark septate endophytes in pteridophytes from a Patagonian rainforest, Argentina.

Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are one of the most widespread types of symbiotic associations. Pteridophytes occupy an important position in the evolution of vascular plants. However, their mycorrhizal state remains poorly understood. The aim of this work was to describe the general mycorrhizal status and the occurrence of dark septate endophytes (DSE) in the pteridophytic flora of a Valdivian temperate forest in Patagonia, Argentina. First, the roots of nine terrestrial species representing six families were examined, and this information was then compared with other surveys concerning the occurrence of AM in other pteridophytic species within the same Valdivian temperate forest. AM were recorded in 98.6% of the samples analyzed in this work and all of them corresponded to the Paris-type morphology. DSEs were also present within the roots of all terrestrial species. A comparison to published results in other ferns and lycophytes that have been studied in this Valdivian temperate forest (161 sporophytes, 21 species and 10 families) was made. Clear differences in colonization patterns between eusporangiate/leptosporangiate and epiphytic/terrestrial species became evident and are discussed.

Infectivity of soilborne Frankia and mycorrhizae in Discaria trinervis along a vegetation gradient in Patagonian soil.

The infective capacities of the nitrogen fixing Actinomycete Frankia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from soils near watercourses, along a vegetation gradient, were studied using plant bioassays. Frankia and arbuscular mycorrhizas capable of infecting Discaria trinervis were found at seventeen sites sampled. More specific enumeration of the infective capacities of both microorganisms in relation to environmental factors was performed in seven representative soils of the analysed vegetation zones (rainforest, xeric forest and steppe) using the most probable number method. The highest nodulation capacities ranged from 340 infective units g(-1 )soil, in a steppe marsh devoid of actinorhizas, to 61 in a coastal actinorhizal scrub (in xeric forest). The highest number of infective mycorrhizal units--also found in marsh--was 145. In general, rainforest soils had the lowest values for both microorganisms. Infective units of Frankia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil were positively correlated (r = 0.89, P < 0.05). Both soilborne symbionts showed the highest infective capacity in semi-arid conditions nearby watercourse and at the valley bottom location. Tripartite symbiosis was effective in plants inoculated with steppe and xeric forest soils and plants inoculated with Frankia BCU110501 and Glomus mosseae. Interaction between both symbionts and influence of environmental conditions, in general, would contribute to define comparable trends of their infective capacities.