Structural and Ultrastructural Analysis of the Cervical Discs of Young and Elderly Humans.

Several studies describing the ultrastructure and extracellular matrix (ECM) of intervertebral discs (IVDs) involve animal models and specimens obtained from symptomatic individuals during surgery for degenerative disease or scoliosis, which may not necessarily correlate to changes secondary to normal aging in humans. These changes may also be segment-specific based on different load patterns throughout life. Our objective was to describe the ECM and collagen profile of cervical IVDs in young (G1 - <35 years) and elderly (G2 - >65 years) presumably-asymptomatic individuals. Thirty cervical discs per group were obtained during autopsies of presumably-asymptomatic individuals. IVDs were analyzed with MRI, a morphological grading scale, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for collagen types I, II, III, IV, V, VI, IX and X. Macroscopic degenerative features such as loss of annulus-nucleus distinction and fissures were found in both groups and significantly more severe in G2 as expected. MRI could not detect all morphological changes when compared even with simple morphological inspection. The loose fibrocartilaginous G1 matrix was replaced by a denser ECM in G2 with predominantly cartilaginous characteristics, chondrocyte clusters and absent elastic fibers. SEM demonstrated persistence of an identifiable nucleus and Sharpey-type insertion of cervical annulus fibers even in highly-degenerated G2 specimens. All collagen types were detected in every disc sector except for collagen X, with the largest area stained by collagens II and IV. Collagen detection was significantly decreased in G2: although significant intradiscal differences were rare, changes may occur faster or earlier in the posterior annulus. These results demonstrate an extensive modification of the ECM with maintenance of basic ultrastructural features despite severe macroscopic degeneration. Collagen analysis supports there is not a "pathologic" collagen type and changes are generally similar throughout the disc. Understanding the collagen and ultrastructural substrate of degenerative changes in the human disc is an essential step in planning restorative therapies.

Aging and degeneration of the intervertebral disc: review of basic science / Envelhecimento e degeneração do disco intervertebral: revisão da ciência básica / El envejecimiento y la degeneración del disco intervertebral: revisión de la ciencia básica

Currently there is a growing interest in the study of intervertebral discs due to loss of manpower brought to society by low back and neck pains. These papers seek to delineate the difference between normal aging and disc degeneration, trying to understand what factor would be determining for the second condition. Thus, the morphology field was expanded and knowledge on the structure of intervertebral discs currently uses the research field of cell and molecular biology, and genetics. The results indicate that regardless of age or condition, the intervertebral disc undergoes long and extensive remodeling of its constituents, which are influenced by several factors: environmental, soluble, cell growth and extracellular matrix. In this literature review we describe the biological characteristics of the cervical and lumbar intervertebral disc with a focus on basic science of aging and degeneration, selecting the latest findings and discussions of the area, which influence future research and clinical thoughts.

Atualmente ocorre um crescente interesse no estudo dos discos intervertebrais em virtude da perda da força de trabalho que a lombalgia e a cervicalgia trazem à sociedade. Esses trabalhos buscam delinear a diferença entre envelhecimento normal e degeneração discal, tentando entender qual fator seria determinante para a segunda condição. Assim, o campo da morfologia foi ampliado e o conhecimento sobre a estrutura dos discos intervertebrais hoje utiliza investigações no campo da biologia celular, molecular e da genética. Os resultados apontam que, independentemente da idade ou condição de enfermidade, o disco intervertebral sofre extenso e longo remodelamento de seus constituintes, os quais sofrem influências de diversos fatores: ambientais, solúveis e de crescimento das células e da matriz extracelular. Nesta revisão da literatura, descrevem-se as características biológicas do disco intervertebral cervical e lombar, com foco na ciência básica do envelhecimento e degeneração, selecionando as mais recentes descobertas e discussões da área, as quais influenciam futuras pesquisas e pensamentos clínicos.

Actualmente existe un creciente interés en el estudio de los discos intervertebrales debido a la pérdida de mano de obra que el dolor del cuello y lumbar aportan a la sociedad. Estas obras tratan de delimitar la diferencia entre el envejecimiento normal y la degeneración del disco, tratando de entender qué factor sería decisivo para la segunda condición. Así, el campo de la morfología se amplió y los conocimientos sobre la estructura de los discos intervertebrales utiliza actualmente la investigación en el campo de la biología celular y molecular, además de la genética. Los resultados indican que, independientemente de su edad o estado de la enfermedad, el disco intervertebral sufre una remodelación extensa y larga de sus componentes, que son influenciados por varios factores: el ambiente, solubles y de crecimiento celular y de la matriz extracelular. En esta revisión de la literatura se describen las características biológicas del disco intervertebral cervical y lumbar, con un enfoque en la ciencia básica del envejecimiento y la degeneración, seleccionando los últimos descubrimientos y discusiones del área, que influyen en la futura investigación y pensamientos clínicos.

Surgical treatment of primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors in adult patients.

BACKGROUND: Primary spinal cord intramedullary tumors are rare and present with insidious symptoms. Previous treatment protocols emphasized biopsy and radiation/chemotherapy but more aggressive protocols have emerged. OBJECTIVE: To report our experience. METHOD: Forty-eight patients were diagnosed with primary intramedullary tumors. The cervical cord was involved in 27% and thoracic in 42% of patients. Complete microsurgical removal was attempted whenever possible without added neurological morbidity. RESULTS: Complete resection was obtained in 33 (71%) patients. Neurological function remained stable or improved in 32 patients (66.7%). Ependymoma was the most frequent tumor (66.7%). CONCLUSION: Neurological outcome is superior in patients with subtle findings; aggressive microsurgical resection should be pursued with acceptable neurological outcomes.

Surgical treatment of primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors in adult patients

BACKGROUND: Primary spinal cord intramedullary tumors are rare and present with insidious symptoms. Previous treatment protocols emphasized biopsy and radiation/chemotherapy but more aggressive protocols have emerged. OBJECTIVE: To report our experience. METHOD: Forty-eight patients were diagnosed with primary intramedullary tumors. The cervical cord was involved in 27 percent and thoracic in 42 percent of patients. Complete microsurgical removal was attempted whenever possible without added neurological morbidity. RESULTS: Complete resection was obtained in 33 (71 percent) patients. Neurological function remained stable or improved in 32 patients (66.7 percent). Ependymoma was the most frequent tumor (66.7 percent). CONCLUSION: Neurological outcome is superior in patients with subtle findings; aggressive microsurgical resection should be pursued with acceptable neurological outcomes.

INTRODUÇÃO: Tumores intramedulares primários são raros e apresentam-se com sintomas insidiosos. Protocolos de tratamento anteriores enfatizavam biópsia e radio/quimioterapia, mas protocolos mais agres-sivos têm surgido. OBJETIVO: Relatar nossa experiência. MÉTODO: Tumores intramedulares foram diagnosticados em 48 pacientes. O segmento cervical estava envolvido em 27 por cento e torácico em 42 por cento dos pacientes. Remoção completa foi tentada quando possível sem aumento da morbidade neurológica. RESULTADOS: Ressecção total foi obtida em 33 (71 por cento) pacientes. Função neurológica: permaneceu inalterada/melhorou em 32 (66,7 por cento) pacientes. O tumor mais freqüente foi ependimoma (66,7 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: O prognóstico é melhor em pacientes oligossintomáticos; ressecção microcirúrgica agressiva deve ser tentada sempre, com resultados clínicos aceitáveis.

Cerebral abscess caused by Serratia marcescens in a premature neonate.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral abscesses are extremely rare in neonates. Serratia marcescens is an unusual cause of sepsis and neurological spread is especially ominous. PURPOSE: To report the case of a 34-week neonate who developed this rare condition and to discuss diagnostic and therapeutic measures. CASE REPORT: A 34-week male neonate sequentially developed respiratory distress syndrome, early sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis; later cultures revealed S. marcescens. After deterioration, a cerebral abscess became evident, which revealed S. marcescens. Clinical improvement ensued after high-dose amikacin and meropenem. CONCLUSION: Clinical signs are often non-specific. Proper diagnostic measures, neurosurgical consultation and aggressive antibiotic therapy are essential for these high-risk neonates.

Cerebral abscess caused by Serratia marcescens in a premature neonate

BACKGROUND: Cerebral abscesses are extremely rare in neonates. Serratia marcescens is an unusual cause of sepsis and neurological spread is especially ominous. PURPOSE: To report the case of a 34-week neonate who developed this rare condition and to discuss diagnostic and therapeutic measures. CASE REPRT: A 34-week male neonate sequentially developed respiratory distress syndrome, early sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis; later cultures revealed S. marcescens. After deterioration, a cerebral abscess became evident, which revealed S. marcescens. Clinical improvement ensued after high-dose amikacin and meropenem. CONCLUSION: Clinical signs are often non-specific. Proper diagnostic measures, neurosurgical consultation and aggressive antibiotic therapy are essential for these high-risk neonates.

INTRODUÇÃO: Abscessos cerebrais são extremamente raros em neonatos. Serratia marcescens é causadora incomum de sepse nestes pacientes e a disseminação no sistema nervoso central é grave. OBJETIVO: Relatar um prematuro de 34 semanas que desenvolveu esta condição e discutir as medidas diagnósticas e terapêuticas. RELATO DE CASO: Prematuro masculino de 34 semanas desenvolveu síndrome do desconforto respiratório, sepse neonatal e enterocolite necrotizante; hemoculturas revelaram S. marcescens. Após deterioração clínica, evidenciou-se um abscesso cerebral cuja drenagem revelou S. marcescens. Houve melhora após introdução de amicacina e meropenem. CONCLUSÃO: Os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos. Passos diagnósticos apropriados, avaliação neurocirúrgica precoce e antibioticoterapia agressiva são essenciais para estes prematuros.

Clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of patients with cerebral metastases: the University of São Paulo series.

INTRODUCTION: Secondary neoplasias are the most common tumors affecting the central nervous system and several clinical aspects of this disease are still controversial. METHOD: Forty-seven consecutive patients with the diagnosis of cerebral metastases (CM) were retrospectively studied at the Clinical Hospital of Sao Paulo University Medical School. Mean age was 53.9 years and 25 patients were female. RESULTS: The most frequent primary sites were breast, lung and skin. Symptoms were related to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in 48.9%, focal neurological events in 27.7% and both in 17.0%. Single brain metastases were found in 57.4% of those cases, the frontal lobe being most frequently affected. Surgical treatment was performed in 68.1%, radiotherapy in 40.4% and chemotherapy in 17.0%. CONCLUSION: After statistical analysis, there was a trend towards prolonged survival of female patients, patients with ICP symptoms and the surgical group. Data from different centers are essential to establish the best management of CM.

Clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of patients with cerebral metastases: the University of São Paulo series

INTRODUÇÃO: As neoplasias secundárias são o principal grupo de tumores que afetam o sistema nervoso central. Diversos aspectos da evolução e tratamento desta doença são controversos. MÉTODO: Quarenta e sete pacientes com metástase cerebral foram estudados retrospectivamente no Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. A idade média foi 53,9 anos e 25 pacientes eram do sexo feminino. RESULTADOS: Os sítios primários mais freqüentes foram mama, pulmão e pele. Os sintomas apresentados foram relacionados à hipertensão intracraniana (HIC) em 48,9%, sintomas focais em 27,7% e ambos em 17,0%. Metástases únicas foram encontradas em 57,8% dos casos. O tratamento foi cirurgia em 68,1% dos casos, radioterapia em 40,4% e quimioterapia em 17,0%. CONCLUSÃO: Após análise estatística, foram encontradas tendências a maior sobrevida nos pacientes do sexo feminino, no grupo de pacientes que apresentava sintomas de HIC e no grupo cirúrgico. Dados de diferentes centros são essenciais para o estabelecer a melhor forma de tratamento para as mestástases cerebrais.

The myenteric plexus of the rat colon after fecal stream diversion: a morpho-quantitative study.

The myenteric plexus undergoes adaptive changes under several conditions. Mucosal and muscular alterations of the colon have been described after fecal stream diversion but studies concerning the myenteric plexus after this procedure are scarce. Therefore, 28 Wistar rats were submitted to fecal diversion and followed for different periods (30, 60, 120 and 180 days), in order to study the myenteric plexus of the excluded segments. Seven non-operated rats were employed as control. The myenteric plexus was subsequently evaluated with the NADH and NADPH histochemical techniques. The colonic area of excluded segments is significantly decreased. The density of NADH-stained neurons continuously increases during the entire postoperative period but does not match the extent of surface reduction. Neuronal area measurements suggest hypertrophy of the remaining neurons in the late postoperative period. Morphological alterations of myenteric ganglia and neurons were also evident. An important surface area reduction combined with slight density increase points toward significant neuronal loss after fecal diversion. While studies correlating neuronal loss and functional changes are still lacking, surgeons should bear in mind the modifications of the myenteric plexus when performing fecal stream diversion surgeries.

Hemophilia and child abuse as possible causes of epidural hematoma: case report

INTRODUCTION: Head trauma is an important consequence of child abuse. Specific pathophysiological mechanisms in child abuse are responsible for the ''whiplash shaken-baby syndrome'', which would favour the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhages. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a child who developed epidural hematoma following minor-intensity head trauma. Initial diagnosis of child abuse was made, but subsequent investigation led to the diagnosis of hemophilia A. CONCLUSION: Even though epidural hematoma is not closely associated with child abuse, this aethiology must always be considered when the reported trauma mechanism is out of proportion to the magnitude of the encountered lesions

Hemophilia and child abuse as possible causes of epidural hematoma: case report.

INTRODUCTION: Head trauma is an important consequence of child abuse. Specific pathophysiological mechanisms in child abuse are responsible for the "whiplash shaken-baby syndrome", which would favour the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhages. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a child who developed epidural hematoma following minor-intensity head trauma. Initial diagnosis of child abuse was made, but subsequent investigation led to the diagnosis of hemophilia A. CONCLUSION: Even though epidural hematoma is not closely associated with child abuse, this etiology must always be considered when the reported trauma mechanism is out of proportion to the magnitude of the encountered lesions.

Anatomic study of the filum terminale and its correlations with the tethered cord syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intradural anatomic features of the filum terminale (FT) in fresh human cadavers, analyzing morphological parameters relevant for the diagnosis of the tethered cord syndrome. METHODS: Forty-one fresh cadavers were dissected, and the following parameters were evaluated: cadaver height, weight, and age, FT length, FT diameters at the initial point and midpoint, and topographic relationships of the initial and fusion points of the FT to the adjacent vertebrae. RESULTS: The mean FT length was 156.44 mm (range, 112.8-211.1 mm), the mean initial diameter was 1.38 mm (range, 0.4-2.5 mm), and the mean midpoint diameter was 0.76 mm (range, 0.1-1.55 mm). Four specimens (9.76%) exhibited FT thicknesses of more than 2 mm at their initial points. The FT most frequently started at the middle L1 level (19.51%) and fused with the dura mater at the upper S2 level (31.71%). Two fila (4.88%) started below the L2 level. Statistically significant correlations were observed (Pearson correlation, P < 0.05) between specimen weight and height (P = 0.019), initial point and midpoint diameters of the FT (P < 0.001), initial vertebral level and specimen height (P = 0.012), and initial and fusion vertebral levels (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Variation ranges were large for almost all anatomic parameters of the FT. Six cadavers (14.63%) in our study fulfilled one of the anatomic diagnostic criteria for tethered cord syndrome. Neurosurgeons must remember the normal variations in the anatomic features of this region when establishing the diagnosis of tethered cord syndrome or performing surgical procedures involving the caudal part of the dural sac.

Anterior cruciate ligament ganglion: case report

CONTEXT: A ganglion is a cystic formation close to joints or tendinous sheaths, frequently found in the wrist, foot or knee. Intra-articular ganglia of the knee are rare, and most of them are located in the anterior cruciate ligament. The clinical picture for these ganglia comprises pain and movement restrictions in the knee, causing significant impairment to the patient. Symptoms are non-specific, and anterior cruciate ligament ganglia are usually diagnosed through magnetic resonance imaging or arthroscopy. Not all ganglia diagnosed through magnetic resonance imaging need to undergo surgical treatment: only those that cause clinical signs and symptoms do. Surgical results are considered good or excellent in the vast majority of cases. CASE REPORT: A 29-year-old male presented with pain in the left knee during a marathon race. Physical examination revealed limitation in the maximum range of knee extension and pain in the posterior aspect of the left knee. Radiographs of the left knee were normal, but magnetic resonance imaging revealed a multi-lobed cystic structure adjacent to the anterior cruciate ligament, which resembled a ganglion cyst. The mass was removed through arthroscopy, and pathological examination revealed a synovial cyst. Patient recovery was excellent, and he resumed his usual training routine five months later

Remodelamento do coracao pos-IAM / Heart remodeling following acute myocardial infarction

O remodelamento do coracao e o conjunto de alteracoes observadas no musculo cardiaco durante determinadas situacoes, podendo ocorrer em patologias que envolvam um aumento constante do trabalho cardiaco. O remodelamento pode ser de quatro tipos, hipertrofico concentrico, hipertrofico excentrico, remodelamento concentrico e de geometria normal. No Infarto Agudo do Miocardio, a dilatacao ventricular ocorre como resposta a agressao ao colageno cardiaco. Ha evidencias que hormonios difusiveis sao fundamentais neste processo, especialmente a Angiotensina II e a Prostaglandina E. Estes hormonios agem diretamente sobre o fibroblasto cardiaco, sendo que esta interacao parece ser de grande importancia para a regulacao da fibrose do miocardio. Considerando-se estes efeitos do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e o acumulo de colageno pos-infarto, o tratamento por inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e bloqueadores do receptor cardiaco para angiotensina parece promissor na regressao da fibrose do miocardio...