ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The progressive expansion of the technology that facilitates the development of three-dimensional (3D) printing within the field of otorhinolaryngology has opened up a new study front in medicine. The objective of this study is to systematically review scientific publications describing the development of 3D models having applications in otorhinolaryngology, with emphasis on subareas with a large number of publications, as well as the countries in which the publications are concentrated. METHODS: In this literature review, specific criteria were used to search for publications on 3D models. The review considered articles published in English on the development of 3D models to teach otorhinolaryngology. The studies with presurgical purposes or without validation of the task by surgeons were excluded from this review. RESULTS: This review considered 39 articles published in 10 countries between 2012 and 2021. The works published prior to 2012 were not considered as per the inclusion criteria for the research. Among the 39 simulators selected for review, otology models comprised a total of 15 publications (38%); they were followed by rhinology, with 12 (31%); laryngology, with 8 (21%); and head and neck surgery, with 4 publications (10%). CONCLUSION: The use of 3D technology and printing is well established in the context of surgical education and simulation models. The importance of developing new technological tools to enhance 3D printing and the current limitations in obtaining appropriate animal and cadaver models signify the necessity of investing more in 3D models.
Subject(s)
Otolaryngology , Printing, Three-Dimensional , HumansABSTRACT
Muitas evidências têm demonstrado a associação entre a infecção pelo vírus do papiloma humano (HPV) e o câncer cervical, e as vacinas profiláticas têm sido eficazes na prevenção desta infecção. Quanto ao programa de vacinação da população, é importante estudar o comportamento sexualde adolescentes, especialmente na idade de início da atividade sexual. Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento sexual de adolescentes alunos de escolas públicas em relação a algumas variáveis associadas e relacionar a idade de início da atividade sexual com a vacinação da população contra o HPV. Métodos: O estudo se baseou na aplicação de um questionário a 500 alunos de escolas secundárias públicas da cidade de Curitiba, com idade entre 13 e 19 anos, para avaliar seu comportamento sexual e questões relacionadas. Dos 500 questionários, 488 foram respondidos e analisados por metodologia estatística. O estudo foi aprovado pelos órgãos reguladores locais. Resultados: Em relação à atividade sexual, observou-se que era mais frequente no sexo masculino do que no feminino. Percebe-se que 47,8% dos meninos e 24,6% das meninas responderam positivamente a esta pergunta. Da mesma forma, 38,7% dos meninos relataram ter iniciado atividade sexual antes dos 14 anos, comparado a apenas 8,5% das meninas. Outros dados relacionados ao risco percebido de contrair uma infecção sexualmente transmissível e uso de preservativos e contraceptivos foram avaliados. Foi demonstrada a relação entre o uso de drogas (tabaco,álcool e maconha) e atividade sexual. Cerca de 45% dos estudantes sexualmente ativos relataram uso regular de drogas, em comparação com menos de20% daqueles que relataram não ter iniciado atividade sexual (p < 0,001), enquanto essa proporção era ainda mais evidente quando analisado apenas o uso de maconha. O efeito "protetor" do ambiente familiar revela uma descoberta interessante: os adolescentes que viviam com os seus pais eram menos ativos sexualmente do que aqueles que não relataram tal situação, com uma percentagem de 31,3 % versus 59,4% (p = 0,003). Conclusão: Concluiu-se que aatividade sexual foi mais evidente entre os participantes do sexo masculino, já que a iniciação sexual ocorreu mais cedo entre os meninos. Uso de drogase independência do ambiente familiar foram relacionados a maior ocorrência de atividade sexual anterior e atual. De acordo com estudos, 90% dos alunos que já têm 17 anos de idade tinham iniciado atividade sexual; portanto, podemos concluir que a idade de vacinação proposta pela maioria das autoridades governamentais e pela Federação Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Febrasgo) é adequada quando se trata de prevenir a infecção pelo HPV.
Many evidences have demonstrated the association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer, and prophylactic vaccines have been effective to prevent this infection. In relation to the vaccination program of the population, it is important to study the sexual behavior of adolescent students, especially the onset age of sexual activity. Objective: To evaluate the sexual behavior of adolescent students from public schools in relation to some associated variables and to link the onset age of sexual activity with HPV vaccination of the population. Methods: The study was based on the application of a questionnaire to 500 students of public high schools of the city of Curitiba, aged between 13 and 19 years, to assess their sexual behavior and related questions.Of the 500 questionnaires, 488 were answered and analyzed by statistical methodology. The study was approved by local regulatory bodies. Results: Regarding sexual activity, it was observed that it was most frequent along male than female students. It is noticed that 47.8% of boys and 24.6% of girls answered positively to this question. Similarly, 38.7% of boys reported having initiated sexual activity before age 14 compared to only 8.5% of the girls. Other data about the perceivedrisk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection and contraception condom were assessed. The relation between drug use (tobacco, alcohol and marijuana) and sexual activity was demonstrated. About 45% of sexually active students stated regular use of drugs, compared with less than 20% of those who reported not having initiated sexual activity (p < 0.001), where as this proportion was even more evident when analyzed only the use of marijuana. The "protector" effect of family environment shows an interesting finding: the adolescents who lived with their parents were less sexually active than those who did not report such situation witha percentage of 31.3% versus 59.4% (p = 0.003). Conclusion: We concluded that sexual activity was more evident among male participants as sexual initiationwas earlier among boys. Use of drugs and independence of family environment were related to higher rate of earlier and current sexual activity. According to researches, 90% of the students who already are 17 years old had initiated sexual activity; therefore, we can conclude that the age of vaccination proposed by most governmental authorities and the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Febrasgo) is adequately when it comes to prevent HPV infection.
