Risk and protective factors to early childhood development during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the risk and protective factors to the development of children under three years of age during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Cross-sectional, quantitative study carried out in three early childhood education centers in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in October 2020. The data were collected with an online questionnaire. Risk and protection factors were measured with the Primeira Infância Para Adultos Saudáveis (Early Childhood For Healthy Adults) instrument and the children's development status was measured using the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments - CREDI. RESULTS: The study included 108 parents and guardians of children up to three years of age. Living with grandparents and participating in cash transfer programs were protective factors for child development. The family being headed by a woman posed a significant risk factor for child development. CONCLUSION: Intersectoral actions to support families headed by women and access to cash transfer programs are essential for promoting equity opportunities for the development in early childhood.

Risk and protective factors to early childhood development during the COVID-19 pandemic / Factores de riesgo y protección al desarrollo en la primera infancia durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Fatores de risco e proteção para o desenvolvimento na primeiríssima infância durante a pandemia por COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the risk and protective factors to the development of children under three years of age during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Cross-sectional, quantitative study carried out in three early childhood education centers in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in October 2020. The data were collected with an online questionnaire. Risk and protection factors were measured with the Primeira Infância Para Adultos Saudáveis (Early Childhood For Healthy Adults) instrument and the children's development status was measured using the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments - CREDI. Results: The study included 108 parents and guardians of children up to three years of age. Living with grandparents and participating in cash transfer programs were protective factors for child development. The family being headed by a woman posed a significant risk factor for child development. Conclusion: Intersectoral actions to support families headed by women and access to cash transfer programs are essential for promoting equity opportunities for the development in early childhood.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo y protección al desarrollo de los niños menores de tres años durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: Estudio transversal y cuantitativo realizado en tres centros de educación infantil de la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil, en octubre de 2020. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un cuestionario en línea. Los factores de riesgo y protección se midieron con el instrumento Primeira Infância Para Adultos Saudáveis (Primera Infancia para Adultos Saludables) y el estado de desarrollo de los niños se midió utilizando el instrumento Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments - CREDI. Resultados: El estudio incluyó a 108 responsables de niños de hasta tres años. Vivir con los abuelos y participar en programas de transferencias monetarias fueron factores protectores al desarrollo infantil. La familia encabezada por una mujer representa un factor de riesgo significativo al desarrollo de los niños. Conclusión: Las acciones intersectoriales de apoyo a las familias encabezadas por mujeres y el acceso a programas de transferencias monetarias son esenciales para promover equidad de oportunidades al desarrollo en la primera infancia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores de risco e proteção para o desenvolvimento de crianças menores de três anos durante a pandemia por COVID-19. Método: Estudo transversal de abordagem quantitativa realizado em três centros de educação infantil na cidade de São Paulo em outubro de 2020. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário online. Os fatores de risco e proteção foram mensurados com o instrumento Primeira Infância Para Adultos Saudáveis e o status do desenvolvimento da criança foi aferido por meio do instrumento Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments - CREDI. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 108 responsáveis por crianças de até três anos. Morar com os avós e participar de programas de transferência de renda foram fatores de proteção para o desenvolvimento infantil. A família ser chefiada por mulher representou um fator de risco significativo para o desenvolvimento da criança. Conclusão: Ações intersetoriais de apoio às famílias chefiadas por mulheres e acesso aos programas de transferência de renda são essenciais para a promoção da equidade de oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de crianças na primeiríssima infância.

Adaptation and Initial Validation of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R) in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The use of reliable pain assessment measures is essential for scoring and managing pain in infants. The Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) is reliable and valid and has been recently revised. To adapt and validate the PIPP-R into Portuguese and to evaluate its psychometric properties are required to ensure maintenance of meaning and content. AIMS: The aim of this study was to culturally adapt to Brazilian Portuguese and explore content validity and construct validity of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised. DESIGN: This is a methodological study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTINGS: Two existing data sets of randomized clinical trials previously conducted were used to examine initial construct validity of the prefinal version of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised. METHODS: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation occurred in four steps. Independent versions of the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised were produced, followed by the preparation of a synthetic version. Two back-translated versions were realized by professional translators. An expert committee evaluated idiomatic and semantic equivalence and clarity and relevance of the items. A content validity index was calculated. Finally, a consolidated prefinal version in Portuguese was then produced. RESULTS: No difficulties in producing the material were reported. Semantic and idiomatic aspects were considered adequate, and content validity index was 1.0. Premature Infant Pain Profile and Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised scores were highly correlated for pain after heel lancing and venipuncture (R2 = 0.986, p < .001) and for pain associated with analgesic strategies (R2 = 0.966-1.00, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised was culturally adapted into Brazilian Portuguese. Appropriate content validity index was determined. Evidence of construct validity was also found. Future studies are warranted to explore the feasibility and other psychometric properties of using the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised translated and adapted into Brazilian Portuguese in the clinical setting.