Dietary Fat Intake and its Association with Adiposity and Inflammatory Markers in Individuals at Cardiometabolic Risk

Abstract Background Fatty acids are important components of diet that may influence the development of CVD. Objective To verify the relationship of dietary fatty acids with cardiometabolic markers in individuals at the cardiometabolic risk. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 282 subjects (116 M/166 F, 42 ± 16 years) attended the Cardiovascular Health Care Program, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Brazil). Anthropometric and body composition measurements as well as metabolic and inflammatory markers were assessed by standard procedures. Demographic and lifestyle variables were obtained by semi-structured questionnaire. Food consumption was evaluated by 24h recall. Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney-U test and chi-square test were used, considering the statistical significance level of 5% probability. Results Individuals who eaten fat, fatty acids saturated and fatty acids polyunsaturated above recommendation (> 35, 7%, and 10% of caloric intake) were more likely to be overweight (p < 0.05). Those individuals with higher intake of medium-chain fatty saturated acids (≥ 1.05 g/d) had lower values (p < 0.05) of body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and waist-height ratio and higher values (p < 0.05) of total leukocytes, C-reactive protein and total cholesterol, and LDL. Subjects with higher of palmitoleic acid intake (≥ 0.94 g/d) presented higher values of BMI, fat percentage and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05). Conclusion This cross-sectional study found different associations of dietary fat and cardiometabolic risk related to adiposity and inflammatory markers, according with chain-size and saturation, indicating the need the more detailed on the dietary assessment of obese patients to identify risk factors and established best strategies to control. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Branched-Chain amino acids intake is negatively related to body adiposity in individuals at cardiometabolic risk / Consumo de aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada está negativamente relacionado com adiposidade corporal em indivíduos com risco cardiometabólico

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the relationship between branched-chain amino acids intake in the current diet and the metabolic and body adiposity markers in a population at cardiovascular risk. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with 282 adults and elderly people from the Cardiovascular Health Care Program of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and body composition data, as well as metabolic biomarkers were collected using standardized protocols. Dietary intake of branched amino acids was assessed using a 24-hour recall. Results Individuals with a higher branched-chain amino acids intake (≥2.6g/day, median value) had lower body fat (29.6 vs 32.2%; p=0.019), and higher serum ferritin (113.2 vs. 60.1mg/dL; p=0.006) and uric acid concentrations (4.4 vs. 4.0; p=0.023). In addition, a lower prevalence of overweight and excessive abdominal fat (p<0.05) was found in the individuals with higher branched-chain amino acids intake. They also had a higher daily intake of fiber, copper, zinc, magnesium, and iron, as well as a lower intake of total lipids. Conclusion In the present study, the intake of branched amino acids is negatively related to total and central adiposity, but more studies are needed to fully elucidate this possible relationship. (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, code RBR-5n4y2g).

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a relação entre o consumo de aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada na dieta atual e os marcadores de adiposidade metabólica e corporal em uma população com perfil de elevado risco cardiovascular. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 282 adultos e idosos do Programa de Atenção Cardiovascular da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e de composição corporal, além de biomarcadores metabólicos, foram coletados utilizando protocolos padronizados. O consumo alimentar de aminoácidos ramificados foi avaliado através de um recordatório de 24 horas. Resultados Indivíduos com maior consumo de aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (≥2,6g/dia, valor da mediana) apresentaram menores valores de gordura corporal (29,6 vs 32,2%; p=0,019) e maiores valores de séricos de ferritina (113,2 vs. 60,1mg/dL; p=0,006) e ácido úrico (4,4 vs. 4,0; p=0,023). Além disso, foi encontrada uma menor prevalência de sobrepeso e excesso de gordura abdominal (p<0,05) nos indivíduos com maior consumo de aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada. Eles também apresentaram um maior consumo diário de fibra, cobre, zinco, magnésio e ferro, além de um menor consumo de lipídios totais. Conclusão No presente estudo, o consumo de aminoácidos ramificados está negativamente relacionado à adiposidade total e central, porém mais estudos são necessários para elucidar completamente essa possível relação. (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos, código RBR-5n4y2g)

Coronary artery disease and body mass index: What is the relationship?

INTRODUCTION: Nowadays, obesity is considered an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which has been presented as an important cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality, especially coronary artery disease (CAD). The objective of the study was to verify the association between body mass index (BMI) and severity of CAD, its risk factors and surgical and percutaneous treatment in patients hospitalized in cardiological units. METHODS: An ambispective, cross-sectional study was performed with patients older than 18 years attended by nutrition in the cardiology units, who underwent coronary angiography. The severity of CAD was categorized into two distinct classifications (CAD Class I and II), considering the presence of CAD as lesions ≥50% and ≥70%. The nutritional status of the patient was established based on BMI according to the World Health Organization (WHO) for the total sample and group of adults, and according to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) for the elderly. Age, gender, presence of associated comorbidities, history of smoking, and performed procedures were collected in patients' records. For statistical analysis Kruskal Wallis and Chi-square tests were used, and Hodges-Lehmann estimate was used for the median. Comparisons and associations were considered significant when p < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 703 patients were included, of which 495 had arterial lesions ≥70% and 513 patients' lesions ≥50%. The average age was 61 years, women were older (63 vs 61; p = 0.008), had a higher BMI (28.16 kg/m2 vs 26.68 kg/m2, p = 0.001) and were more likely to have diabetes mellitus (DM) (p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (DSLP) (p < 0.001), and hypertension (HTN) (p = 0.001). The majority of the sample consisted of men, who more often underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (53,9% vs 39%, p < 0.001), and were more likely to present more severe CAD (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003). In patients diagnosed with CAD the increase in BMI was positively associated with the presence of DM (p < 0.001), DSLP (p < 0.001) and HTN (p < 0.001), and negatively with age (p = 0.007). Patients with obesity III, were diagnosed with CAD, in average, 11 years earlier than patients with normal BMI (p = 0.05). Therefore, the higher the BMI, the lower the age at the moment of the examination in the total sample, and in the group of elderly, and this association was not found in adults. There was no significant association of BMI with the severity of CAD, or with PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The greater severity of CAD was positively associated with the presence of DM (p = 0.012 and p = 0.001), HTN (p = 0.033 and p = 0.003) and older age (p = 0.005 and p = 0.015). Patients who underwent CABG had a higher incidence of and HTN (p = 0.003), DM (p = 0.006), whereas patients who had PCI had a lower incidence of HTN (p = 0.021) and DM (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Obesity was showed to be as an independent risk factor for the early incidence of CAD, which is strongly associated with the presence of comorbidities such as DM, HTN and DSLP. The greater severity of CAD and coronary interventions were associated with the presence of risk factors for CAD.