ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Many parallels exist between growth and development of the placenta and that of cancer. One parallel is shared expression of antigens that may have functional importance and may be recognized by the immune system. Here, we characterize expression and regulation of one such antigen, Trophoblast glycoprotein (TPGB; also called 5T4), in the placenta across gestation, in placentas of preeclamptic (PE) pregnancies, and in purified microvesicles and exosomes. METHODS: Trophoblast glycoprotein expression was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Regulation of 5T4 in cytotrophoblast cells was examined under either differentiating conditions of epidermal growth factor or under varying oxygen conditions. Microvesicles and exosomes were purified from supernatant of cultured and perfused placentas. RESULTS: Trophoblast glycoprotein expression was prominent at the microvillus surface of syncytiotrophoblast and on the extravillous trophoblast cells, with minimal expression in undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and normal tissues. Trophoblast glycoprotein expression was elevated in malignant tumors. In cytotrophoblasts, 5T4 was induced by in vitro differentiation, and its messenger RNA (mRNA) was increased under conditions of low oxygen. PE placentas expressed higher 5T4 mRNA than matched control placentas. Trophoblast glycoprotein was prominent within shed placental microvesicles and exosomes. CONCLUSION: Given the potential functional and known immunological importance of 5T4 in cancer, these studies reveal a class of proteins that may influence placental development and/or sensitize the maternal immune system. In extravillous trophoblasts, 5T4 may function in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during placentation. The role of syncytiotrophoblast 5T4 is unknown, but its abundance in shed syncytial vesicles may signify route of sensitization of the maternal immune system.
Subject(s)
Exosomes/metabolism , Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism , Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism , Placenta/metabolism , Trophoblasts/metabolism , Cell Differentiation , Female , Humans , Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics , Placentation/physiology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, First/metabolism , Pregnancy Trimester, Second/metabolismABSTRACT
Duzentos e dezoito amostras de Staphylococcus aureus, isoladas de infecçäo intramamária de vacas de 44 rebanhos leiteiros, foram classificadas em biótipos de acordo com os testes de produçäo de estafiloquinase (K), beta-hemolisina (beta ), coagulaçao do plasma bovino (Pl) e crescimento na presença de cristal violeta (CV). As amostras foram distribuídas em 10 biótipos e 63 delas foram classificadas nas ecovariedades bovina (35), ovina (17), aviária (10) e humana (1) e 155 näo apresentaram características específicas de hospedeiro. Estas últimas podem ser isoladas de homem, cabra, coelho, suíno, alimentos e de mastite bovina. O biótipo 1, encontrado com maior freqüência (37,2 por cento), apresentou o padräo K (-), beta (+), Pl (-) e CV (azul). Em sete rebanhos nos quais se examinaram 10 ou mais amostras, verificou-se que, apesar da ocorrência simultânea de mais de um biótipo por rebanho, houve predominância de um sobre os demais
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/classificationABSTRACT
We report a multiple trauma case with complex pelvic fractures and perineal wounds. The patient had a laparoscopic abdominal exploration with a simultaneous laparoscopic colostomy using the same wounds. Only two trocars were needed to perform both procedures. The technique is detailed here. The procedures were performed in less than an hour, with excellent postoperative recovery, achieving complete diversion of the rectal fecal contents.
