[Hypolipoproteinemia and secondary role of atherosclerosis in the development of ischemic heart disease in patients with polycythemia vera].

Relationship between presence of coronary heart disease (CHD), coronary risk factors (parameters of lipid transport system and hypertension) and disturbances of microcirculation was studied in patients with myeloproliferative blood disease Polycythemia Vera (PV). Probability of tissue (including blood vessel wall) cholesterol accumulation was estimated by measurement of its content in skin surface layers. PV patients (n=55, including 27 patients with CHD) had predominant hypolipoproteinemia with normal proportion of various lipoprotein classes. Absence of substantial increase of skin surface cholesterol content both in patients with and without CHD was considered to be a sign of low probability of the presence of severe atherosclerotic processes. However patients with CHD had substantially more pronounced disturbances of microcirculation. Basing on these data the authors suggest that CHD in PV patients had non-lipoprotein genesis and present discussion of alternative mechanisms of vascular changes.

[Erythrocyte cholesterol content in polycythemia vera: relation to ischemic heart disease]. / Soderzhanie kholesterina v éritrotsitakh pri istinnoi politsitemii: sviaz' s ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa.

Relative cholesterol content and its distribution between erythrocytes and plasma were studied in 34 patients with polycythemia vera (PV) both with and without concomitant coronary heart disease (CHD). Deformability of erythrocytes, disturbances of microcirculation (blood flow fragmentation, decrease of capillary density) were also assessed. Erythrocytes cholesterol/phospholipids molar ratios (0.68+/-0.03) in patients was lower than normal value (0.8) in spite of decreased cell deformability. This was associated with some increase of peroxidation products. Blood cholesterol distribution between cell and plasma species had some peculiarities caused by high hematocrit: compared with normal value erythrocytes of patients carried relatively larger portion of total blood cholesterol (23.7+/-0.8% and 27-31%, respectively). However in CHD patients these values were significantly lower with correspondent increase of plasma cholesterol quota. This allowed to suggest possible protective role of blood cholesterol redistribution in polycythemia patients, through erythrocytes trafficking of some part of plasma cholesterol.

[Characteristics of the lipid transport system in psoriasis]. / Osobennosti lipid-transportnoi sistemy pri psoriaze.

Cholesterol of high density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions (HDL2 and HDL3), activity of cholesterol ester transport protein (CETP), and standard lipoprotein parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol) were measured in plasma of 192 patients with various psoriasis forms, which included simple "distributed psoriasis", erythrodermic and arthropathic psoriasis. Among psoriatic patients unusually high percent of persons with both hypo- and hyper-cholesterolemia was observed. The same situation was observed with frequency of cases with both low and high plasma HDL cholesterol levels, the distribution being depending from disease severity. In contrast to norm, psoriasis patients had big range not only in HDL2 cholesterol level, but also in HDL3 cholesterol. They also had decreased CETP activity. Data obtained suggest the existence of changes in reverse cholesterol transport system in psoriasis, which may influence skin cell proliferation (via control of cell supply with cholesterol).

[Features of distribution of free and esterified cholesterol in the epidermis, biological membranes and plasma lipoproteins in psoriasis]. / Osobennosti raspredeleniia svobodnogo i éterifitsirovannogo kholesterina v épidermise, biomembranakh i lipoproteidakh plazmy pri psoriaze.

The parameters of cholesterol (CS) metabolism in the epidermis, blood plasma lipoproteins, and red cell membranes were assessed in patients with psoriasis. The levels of free and total CS in extracts from the surface of epidermis, in plasma lipoproteins, and in plasma triglycerides were measured, and the molar ratio CS/ phospholipids (CS/PL index) in red cell membranes assessed in 194 patients with psoriasis of different severity. The levels of free and total CS in the epidermis were found to increase as the psoriatic process grew in severity. These shifts manifested even in apparently intact skin sites, which indicated the primary nature of total-system disorders. As for the plasma lipids, statistically reliable changes were observed only for the relative level of free cholesterol of the plasma and, most of all, high-density lipoproteins. These values for the mean parameters in the five groups of examinees correlated (r from 0.71 to 0.92) with the levels of total and free CS in the epidermis. Contrary to it, the levels of total CS and triglycerides in the plasma had a tendency to decrease as the severity of the psoriatic process augmented. Such a trend was statistically reliable for the CS/PL index, which increased in all the patients except the most grave, this increase being the more, the less grave the disease was; this was manifested in an inverse correlation (r = 0.9, on average) with the epidermal CS. The detected uncommon relationship between CS values in the epidermis, plasma lipoproteins, and biological membranes indicates heretofore unknown features of metabolic disorders in psoriasis.

[Free and esterified epidermal cholesterol in psoriasis]. / Svobodnyi i éterifitsirovannyi kholesterin épidermisa pri psoriaze.

The levels of epidermal total, free and esterified cholesterol were studied in psoriatic patients. Lipids were isolated from the areas of psoriatic lesions and from the normally appearing epidermis by the authors' non-invasive surface extractive method. The quantity of cholesterol was given in microgram per square centimeter. Fifty six and 11 healthy persons were examined. The skin cholesterol levels were twice-four-fold higher in the patients than in the healthy subjects. The same levels were noted from the areas of lesion and from normally appearing epidermis. The proportion of an esterified fraction decreased mainly in the normally appearing epidermis areas, especially in severe psoriasis. The role of the findings was also discussed.

[A method of determination of cholesterol contents on the surface of the human skin and prospects of its use. I. Atherosclerosis]. / Metod opredeleniia soderzhaniia kholesterina poverkhnosti kozhi cheloveka i perspektivy ego ispol'zovaniia. 1. Ateroskleroz.

Proceeding from published data on lipid content and composition in human skin and on the possible relationship between cholesterol level in skin biopsy specimens and status of blood vessels, the authors measured cholesterol content in skin layers available for external extraction in patients with atherosclerosis with different types of dyslipoproteinemias. Effective conditions of extraction were developed permitting after external rapid atraumatic treatment extraction of the maximally possible amount of cholesterol, 1.5 to 1.6 mkg from 1 cm2 of the palm skin surface, this being a constant value for each examinee (coefficient of variations after 3-4 repetitions 5%). Though slight, but statistically reliable increase of the amount of surface-extractable cholesterol was observed in atherosclerosis patients. This parameter did not correlate with the blood serum concentration of lipid components. A correlation (r = 0.54, p < 0.001) was observed with an only serum lipoprotein parameter, the so-called dyslipoproteinemia coefficient representing the sum of "atherogenic" parameters (cholesterol+triglycerides) divided by alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol. Measurements of surface-extractable skin cholesterol may be used as an available discriminant of atherosclerosis; the method seems to find application in other diseases as well.

[A method of determination of cholesterol contents on the surface of the human skin and prospects of its use. II. Psoriasis]. / Metod opredeleniia soderzhaniia kholesterina na poverkhnosti kozhi cheloveka i perspektivy ego ispol'zovaniia. 2. Psoriaz.

A noninvasive method for cholesterol extraction from the surface layers of the epidermis is suggested. Levels of cholesterol and its fractions were measured in extracts obtained from the foci of psoriasis and apparently intact skin of 105 patients with psoriasis. Cholesterol levels were found noticeably increased, mainly at the expense of its free fraction in involved foci and in apparently intact skin. A conclusion is made on the good informative value of the suggested method.

[Content of cholesterol extracted from human skin surface--a possible discriminant of atherosclerosis?]. / Kolichestvo kholesterina, ékstragiruemogo s poverkhnosti kozhi cheloveka,- vozmozhnyi diskriminant ateroskleroza?

Basing on the data of Bouissou et al. on an increase of cholesterol content in the skin biopsies in atherosclerosis patients, the cholesterol amount was evaluated after superficial atraumatic rapid treatment of patients palm skin. The optimization of the extraction conditions was performed: the surface skin cholesterol value was constant for individual subjects (variability factor 5%). The range of this value was 1.5-6 Mg/cm2 and it was higher for atherosclerotic patients. No correlations with any conventional plasma lipoprotein parameters were observed. At the same time positive correlation (r = 0.54. p < 0.01) was observed with dyslipoprotein coefficient--(Ch+TG/alpha-Ch). Possible diagnostic significance of this skin cholesterol parameter is discussed.

[Specificity of the effect of polyene phosphatidylcholine depending on the mode of administration and animal species]. / Spetsifichnost' éffekta polinenasyshchennogo fosfatidilkholina v zavisimosti ot sposoba vvedeniia i vida zhivotnogo.

The effects of polyene phosphatidylcholine (PPC) treatment at oral and intravenous administration to rats and rabbits in hypercholesterolemic diet were studied. No aorta damage was observed in either of rat groups. But fatty liver appeared, and it was the greatest in rats, who received cholesterol and PPC. The result may be attributed to adaptive protection of peripheral tissues due to high experiment duration (18 months) in the state of active reverse cholesterol transport (RChT). No antiatherogenic effect was noted in rabbits at PPC administration (170 mg/kg), while its intravenous injection (50 mg/kg) resulted in marked reduction of plasma cholesterol level, elevation of HDL cholesterol and decrease of the extent of aorta damage. The conclusion is drawn on the ppc high antiatherogenic effect predominantly at intravenous administration, and on advisability of its use in cases of RChT deficiencies, as its activator.

[Possible approaches to creating phospholipid preparations--acceptors of membrane cholesterol]. / Vozmozhnye podkhody k sozdaniiu fosfolipidnykh preparatov--aktseptorov membrannogo kholesterina.

The capability of liposomes with plant phosphatidylcholine to extract cholesterol from erythrocyte membrane was investigated. It was shown, that plant phosphatidylcholine extracted 42% of membrane cholesterol, without causing haemolysis. This cholesterol extraction was responsible for the decrease of membrane microviscosity and for the increase of Na+, K+-ATPase activity. It is suggested that it is possible to create the extractive agent of cholesterol with plant phosphatidylcholine.

[The effect of hemosorption repeated three times on activity of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase]. / Issledovanie vliianiia trekhkratnoi gemosorbtsii na aktivnost' letsitinkholesterinatsiltransferazy.

Activity of lecithine-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was studied in blood of 26 patients with atherosclerosis of various localization after course of treatment involving three-fold hemosorption. The initial activity of the enzyme, decreased distinctly as compared with normal state, was dissimilarly altered during hemosorption. The system LCAT-HDLP was stabilized after the third hemosorption. These results relevant to programming hemosorption therapy of patients with atherosclerosis.

[Relation between features of the psychoemotional status and lipid metabolism of patients with ischemic heart disease and arrhythmias]. / Vzaimosviaz' osobennostei psikhoémotsional'nogo statusa i lipidnogo obmena u bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa s aritmiiami.

Interrelationship of the peculiarities of the psychoemotional status, the activity of lipid peroxidation and the content of blood free fatty acids were studied in 64 CHD patients with arrhythmia. It was shown that prolonged and pronounced psychoemotional strain, high levels of the activity of free radical lipid oxidation and the content of nonesterified fatty acids in the blood of CHD patients promoted the development of cardiac rhythm disturbances, particularly of ventricular extrasystoles. Patients with the psychoemotional strain syndrome demonstrated direct correlation of an induced initial hemiluminiscence flash value and the level of a psychological pattern MMPI by scales 2, 6, 7, 0, as well as close direct correlation of the concentration of free fatty acids with scales 6, 8, F and negative correlation with scale 3. The detection of the psychoemotional strain syndrome in CHD patients, especially in combination with high levels of lipid peroxidation and nonesterified fatty acids in the blood, may evidently serve an important criterion for defining patients at high risk of developing arrhythmias.

[Effect of the plasma lipoprotein spectrum on the cholesterol level in erythrocyte membranes]. / Vliianie spektra lipoproteidov plazmy krovi na uroven' kholesterina membran éritrotsitov.

Correlation between main patterns of the lipoprotein spectrum in blood plasma and the molar ratio cholesterol/phospholipids (Ch/Pl) in erythrocyte membranes was studied in 256 patients. Distribution of Ch/Pl values was shifted to the right side in the plot for erythrocytes of patients with ischemic disease as compared with healthy persons. The values of the Ch/Pl ratio were increased in hypercholesterolemia. There was no statistically distinct correlation between the Ch/Pl ratio and content of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood plasma as well as with concentration of cholesterol in high density lipoproteins (HDL). At the same time, the ratio Ch/Pl of erythrocytes correlated positively with the index of lipoprotein atherogeneity (kath, total Ch-ChHDL/ChHDL) within the values up to 8.0. Within the higher values the correlation disappeared (a plateau was noted on a plot describing this dependence); no distinct correlation was described in all the groups studied. The data obtained suggest that correlation between the rates of cholesterol introduced and removed from the membranes by means of individual classes of lipoproteins is very important for maintenance of the cholesterol content in erythrocyte membrane. Under conditions of high kath values the discorrelation may indicate the saturation of the erythrocyte membranes with cholesterol and a decrease in the rate of its removal by means of HDL.

[Mitochondrial enzymes in circulating lymphocytes during hemosorption for experimental hypercholesterolemia]. / Izuchenie nekotorykh mitokhondrial'nykh fermentov v tsirkuliruiushchikh limfotsitakh pri gemosorbtsii v sviazi s éksperimental'noi giperkholesterinemiei.

The status of some dehydrogenases (succinate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase) was studied in the course of long-term oral administration of cholesterol to rabbits. The data obtained indicate that within the first weeks of cholesterol administration there was a decrease in enzymatic activity of the dehydrogenases under study that mirrored the impairment of energy function of mitochondria. After experiments were initiated, alimentary hypercholesterolemia led to imbalance of anabolism and catabolism bearing resemblance to the status of oxidative processes in the Krebs cycle. There is every reason to believe that such a complex of changes in the dehydrogenases during hypercholesterolemia is characteristic for the initial stages of atherosclerosis. Elimination of cholesterol from the body by single hemosorption results in a tendency towards making the circulating lymphocytes egress from hypoxia. It is inferred that study of enzymatic activity of dehydrogenases should be used for the diagnosis of and the assessment of therapeutic measures for atherosclerosis under experimental and clinical conditions.

[Content of lipids in plasma and some cytochemical patterns of leukocytes in experimental hypercholesterolemia]. / Soderzhanie lipidov v plazme i nekotorye tsitokhimicheskie pokazateli leikotsitov pri éksperimental'noi giperkholesterinemii.

Long-term per oral administration of cholesterol into rabbits showed that the content of lipid containing leukocytes might correlate within certain limits with the concentration of blood serum lipids. Very high hyperlipidemia could inhibit the phagocytic activity of RES and, thereby, deteriorate apparently the lipophagocytosis and the lipid transport by leukocytes. At the same time, the long-term feeding of rabbits with cholesterol was shown to cause lymphocytopenia and a decrease in activity of succinate- and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases in the circulating lymphocytes.