Comparison of perceptual responses between different upper-body sprint interval exercise protocols.

This study examined the perceptual responses to various upper-body sprint interval exercise (SIE) protocols matched for total work and work/rest ratio. Fourteen active men (24 ±â€¯4 years, BMI = 26.2 ±â€¯2.7 kg/m2, body fat = 11.5 ±â€¯4.4%) participated in 3 all-out SIE protocols consisting of battling rope exercise: P10:30 (12 × 10-s bouts with 30-s recovery); P15:45 (8 × 15-s bouts with 45 s recovery); and P30:90 (4 × 30-s bouts with 90-s recovery). During exercise, affective valence (FS +5 to -5), arousal (FAS 1-6), rating of perceived exertion (RPE 6-20), and heart rate (HR) were assessed. Post-exercise, enjoyment, self-efficacy, and intentions were measured. Results revealed a significant decline in FS (p = .02; partial eta squared [η2p] = 0.27) and a progressive increase in FAS (p = .001; η2p = 0.86), RPE (p = .001; η2p = 0.88), and HR (p = .001; η2p = 0.94), but no protocol X time interaction. Affective valence reached a nadir at values equal to -0.36 ±â€¯3.41 (Cohen's d = -0.49), -0.43 ±â€¯3.75 (Cohen's d = -0.44), and - 0.93 ±â€¯3.49 (Cohen's d = -0.56) in response to P10:30, P15:45, and P30:90, respectively. There were no differences between protocols for enjoyment, intention, or self-efficacy. A negative relationship exhibited between FS and RPE was moderated by participants' tolerance of exercise intensity (ß = 1.84, p < .05). Further, the association between FS and future intention was mediated by self-efficacy. Overall, upper-body SIE protocols exhibit similar perceptual responses when volume and work to rest ratio (1:3) are matched. Tolerance of exercise intensity may be used to predict changes in FS during SIE.

Linear and undulating periodized strength plus aerobic training promote similar benefits and lead to improvement of insulin resistance on obese adolescents.

The present study compares the effectiveness of three types of physical training for obesity control in adolescents submitted to a long-term interdisciplinary therapy. Forty-five post-puberty obese adolescents (15-18yo) were randomly placed in three different groups of physical trainings: aerobic training (AT n=20), aerobic plus strength training with linear periodization (LP n=13) and aerobic plus strength training with daily undulating periodization (DUP n=12). The body composition was evaluated by air-displacement plethysmography; the rest metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry; serum analysis was collected after an overnight fasting. The most important finding of this study was that both LP and DUP groups improved lipid profile, insulin sensitivity and adiponectin concentration (p<0.01). The linear regression showed a negative association between delta (%) adiponectin and delta (%) insulin (p<0.05). Each group presented a significant reduction in body mass, body mass index and fat mass (kg) after short and long-term intervention (p<0.01). However, the AT group reduced the fat-free mass after short-term intervention (p<0.01) and enhanced protein oxidation (p<0.01), whereas only LP group was able to increase the fat-free mass and maintain the rest metabolic rate (RMR). There was a negative correlation between percentage of protein oxidation and RMR (r=-0.75) in all groups. The interdisciplinary therapy models that included aerobic plus strength training were more effective than only aerobic training to improve lipid profile and insulin sensitivity, as well as the inflammatory state by increasing adiponectin. In all groups were observed an improvement on anthropometric profile.

Aerobic plus resistance training was more effective in improving the visceral adiposity, metabolic profile and inflammatory markers than aerobic training in obese adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether aerobic plus resistance training (AT + RT) is more effective than aerobic training (AT) at reducing inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk in obese adolescents. A total of 139 obese adolescents were enrolled, aged 15-19 years, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile and participated in 1 year of interdisciplinary intervention. They were randomised into two groups: AT (n = 55), AT + RT (n = 61). Blood samples were collected to analyse glycaemia, insulin, the lipid profile, leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Insulin resistance was measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). The AT + RT group showed better results with regard to decreased body fat mass, low-density lipoprotein concentration (LDL-c) levels, subcutaneous and visceral fat and increased body lean mass. Indeed, a reduction of hyperleptinaemia and an increase in adiponectin concentrations, promoting an improvement in the leptin/adiponectin ratio, was observed. Important clinical parameters were improved in both types of exercise; however, AT + RT was more effective in improving the visceral adiposity, metabolic profile and inflammatory markers than AT alone, suggesting clinical applications for the control of intra-abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk in the paediatric population.

Aerobic plus resistance training improves bone metabolism and inflammation in adolescents who are obese.

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic with a high prevalence of comorbidities, including alterations in bone mineral metabolism. The purpose of this yearlong study was to evaluate the role of 2 types of exercise training (aerobic and aerobic plus resistance exercise) on adipokines parameters and bone metabolism in adolescents who are obese. This was a clinical trial study with interdisciplinary weight loss therapy. Forty-two postpubertal adolescents who are obese were subjected to interdisciplinary weight loss therapy with physical exercise, medical monitoring, nutritional intervention, and psychological intervention. Data were collected from serum analyses of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, glucose, and insulin. Anthropometric measurements of body composition, bone mineral density, visceral, and subcutaneous fat were also performed. Statistical tests were applied using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Correlations were established using the Pearson test, and dependencies of variables were established using simple linear regression test. Both training types promoted reductions in body mass index, total central, visceral and subcutaneous fat, insulin concentration, and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, but only aerobic plus resistance training showed statistical improvements in the bone mineral content, adiponectin concentration, and lean tissue. Effective reduction in the visceral/subcutaneous ratio, central/peripheral ratio, and leptin concentration was observed. Insulin and the HOMA-IR index were negative predictors of bone mineral content in the combined training group. Moreover, fat distribution was a negative predictor for bone mineral density in both groups. Aerobic plus resistance training promotes a protective role in bone mineral content associated with an improvement in adiponectin and leptin concentrations, favoring the control of the inflammatory state related to obesity in adolescents. Aerobic plus resistance training combined with interdisciplinary interventions provides important strategies to approach obesity, and these strategies may contribute to clinical practice.

Long-term effects of aerobic plus resistance training on the adipokines and neuropeptides in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease obese adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of aerobic training (AT) with aerobic plus resistance training (AT+RT) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) obese adolescents. DESIGN: Long-term interdisciplinary weight-loss therapy (1 year of clinical, nutritional, psychological, and exercise-related intervention). PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-eight postpubertal obese adolescents were randomized to AT or AT+RT according to NAFLD diagnosis. Adipokine and neuropeptide concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, visceral fat by ultrasound, and body composition by plethysmography. RESULTS: The NAFLD group that followed the AT+RT protocol presented lower insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and alanine transaminase (ALT) values after intervention compared with AT. It was verified that there was a higher magnitude of change in the subcutaneous fat, glycemia, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, ALT, and adiponectin in response to AT+RT than in the control group (AT). All patients who underwent the AT+RT exhibited significantly higher adiponectin, leptin, and Δadiponectin and lower melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) concentrations after therapy compared with the AT group. In the simple linear regression analysis, changes in glycemia, insulin, and HOMA-IR were independent predictors of significant improvement in adiponectin concentration. Indeed, ΔAST (aspartate transaminase) and ΔGGT (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) were independent predictors of ΔALT, while Δfat mass and ΔAgRP (agouti-related protein) were independent predictors of ΔMCH. Although the number of patients was limited, we showed for the first time the positive effects of AT+RT protocol in a long-term interdisciplinary therapy to improve inflammatory biomarkers and to reduce orexigenic neuropeptide concentrations in NAFLD obese adolescents. CONCLUSION: The long-term interdisciplinary therapy with AT+RT protocol was more effective in significantly improving noninvasive biomarkers of NAFLD that are associated with the highest risk of disease progression in the pediatric population.

The role of nutritional profile in the orexigenic neuropeptide secretion in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease obese adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Little progress has been made to identify the central neuroendocrine pathway involved in the energy intake control in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of orexigenic neuropeptides in the nutritional aspects of NAFLD obese adolescents submitted to a long-term interdisciplinary approach. METHODS: Fifty adolescents aged 15-19 years, with body mass index at least 95th percentile, consisting of 25 patients without NAFLD and 25 with NAFLD. The NAFLD diagnosis was determined by ultrasonography. Blood samples were collected to analyze glycemia, hepatic transaminases, and lipid profile. Insulin resistance was estimated by Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance Index. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti related protein concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Analyses of food intake were made by 3 days recordatory inquiry. RESULTS: At baseline conditions, the patients with NAFLD had significantly higher values of body mass, body mass index, visceral fat, triglycerides, VLDL-C, and hepatic transaminases. After the long-term intervention, they presented a significant reduction in these parameters. In both the groups, it was observed a significant decrease in energy intake, macronutrients and dietetic cholesterol. Only the patients with NAFLD presented a positive correlation between the saturated fatty acids intake and the orexigenic neuropeptides NPY and agouti related protein, and carbohydrate with NPY. Indeed, it was observed a positive correlation between energy intake, lipid (%) and saturated fatty acids with visceral fat accumulation. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed an important influence of diet composition in the orexigenic system, being essential consider that the excessive saturated fatty acids intake could be a determinant factor to increase nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Treatment of obese adolescents: the influence of periodization models and ACE genotype.

The aims of the present study were to compare the effects of two periodization models on metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese adolescents and verify whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotype is important in establishing these effects. A total of 32 postpuberty obese adolescents were submitted to aerobic training (AT) and resistance training (RT) for 14 weeks. The subjects were divided into linear periodization (LP, n = 16) or daily undulating periodization (DUP, n = 16). Body composition, visceral and subcutaneous fat, glycemia, insulinemia, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profiles, blood pressure, maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2max)), resting metabolic rate (RMR), muscular endurance were analyzed at baseline and after intervention. Both groups demonstrated a significant reduction in body mass, BMI, body fat, visceral and subcutaneous fat, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure and an increase in fat-free mass, VO(2max), and muscular endurance. However, only DUP promoted a reduction in insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR. It is important to emphasize that there was no statics difference between LP and DUP groups; however, it appears that there may be bigger changes in the DUP than LP group in some of the metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese adolescents with regard to the effect size (ES). Both periodization models presented a large effect on muscular endurance. Despite the limitation of sample size, our results suggested that the ACE genotype may influence the functional and metabolic characteristics of obese adolescents and may be considered in the future strategies for massive obesity control.

Negative correlation between neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein concentration and adiponectinemia in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease obese adolescents submitted to a long-term interdisciplinary therapy.

The complexity pathogenesis in the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involves an interplay between adipokines and neuroendocrine regulation of energy balance, including the role of neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein (AgRP) system. The first aim of this study was to assess the effect of long-term interdisciplinary intervention on NAFLD in obese adolescents, and the second objective was to establish the relationship between NPY/AgRP ratio and adiponectinemia. Fifty-five postpuberty obese adolescents were submitted to interdisciplinary intervention. The group was divided between subjects with and without NAFLD (n = 19 and 36, respectively). Blood samples were collected to measure glycemia, hepatic transaminases, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and sensitivity. Adiponectin, NPY, and AgRP concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Food intake was measured using 3-day diet records. It was observed at baseline that important clinical parameters including body weight, body mass index, visceral fat, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hepatic transaminases were more altered in NAFLD patients. After the intervention, these parameters, total energy, and macronutrient intake were reduced significantly in both groups. The most important finding was the positive correlation between AgRP and visceral fat in all patients and the negative correlation between NPY/AgRP and adiponectinemia only in NAFLD obese adolescents. The NAFLD patients presented more altered clinical parameters than the non-NAFLD subjects, including the negative correlation between adiponectinemia and NPY/AgRP. These results suggested that NAFLD obese adolescents presented an inflammatory profile that can influence the neuroendocrine regulation of energy balance, suggesting an additional impairment in the weight loss therapy.

Comparison between linear and daily undulating periodized resistance training to increase strength.

To determine the most effective periodization model for strength and hypertrophy is an important step for strength and conditioning professionals. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of linear (LP) and daily undulating periodized (DUP) resistance training on body composition and maximal strength levels. Forty men aged 21.5 +/- 8.3 and with a minimum 1-year strength training experience were assigned to an LP (n = 20) or DUP group (n = 20). Subjects were tested for maximal strength in bench press, leg press 45 degrees, and arm curl (1 repetition maximum [RM]) at baseline (T1), after 8 weeks (T2), and after 12 weeks of training (T3). Increases of 18.2 and 25.08% in bench press 1 RM were observed for LP and DUP groups in T3 compared with T1, respectively (p < or = 0.05). In leg press 45 degrees , LP group exhibited an increase of 24.71% and DUP of 40.61% at T3 compared with T1. Additionally, DUP showed an increase of 12.23% at T2 compared with T1 and 25.48% at T3 compared with T2. For the arm curl exercise, LP group increased 14.15% and DUP 23.53% at T3 when compared with T1. An increase of 20% was also found at T2 when compared with T1, for DUP. Although the DUP group increased strength the most in all exercises, no statistical differences were found between groups. In conclusion, undulating periodized strength training induced higher increases in maximal strength than the linear model in strength-trained men. For maximizing strength increases, daily intensity and volume variations were more effective than weekly variations.

Platelet and leptin in obese adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of obesity status on immune cell count and concentration of the hormones cortisol and leptin, in order to establish a relationship among the variables analyzed. METHODS: We recruited 27 obese [body mass index (BMI) > or = 95th percentile] and 21 non-obese (BMI < or = 75th percentile) adolescent boys and girls, aged 15-19 years at the post-pubertal stage. BMI was calculated as body weight divided by height squared, and body composition was estimated by plethysmography in the Bod Pod system. Blood samples were collected to analyze leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, cortisol, and leptin. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed, followed by the independent Student t test in case of normal distribution. Significance values were set at p < 0.05 and expressed as means +/- standard deviation. The statistical package SPSS for Windows version 12.0 was used. RESULTS: There was no difference between obese and non-obese adolescents in terms of leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and cortisol serum concentrations. The group of obese adolescents presented higher platelet and leptin concentrations (p < 0.01). The prevalence of hyperleptinemia was 25.92% in the obese adolescents (15.38% in boys and 35.7% in girls). CONCLUSIONS: Obese adolescents have higher platelet and leptin concentrations in comparison with non-obese adolescents. It was also found that obese girls presented a higher prevalence of hyperleptinemia than obese boys.

Plaqueta e leptina em adolescentes com obesidade / Platelet and leptin in obese adolescents

OBJETIVOS: Analisar a influência de obesidade na contagem de células imunológicas e na concentração dos hormônios cortisol e leptina, a fim de estabelecer uma relação entre as variáveis analisadas. MÉTODOS: Foram recrutados 27 adolescentes obesos [índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥ percentil 95[ e 21 não-obesos (IMC ≤ percentil 75), de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 15 e 19 anos, na fase pós-púbere. O IMC foi calculado através da divisão do peso pela altura ao quadrado e a composição corporal foi estimada por pletismografia no sistema Bod PodTM. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas para análise de leucócitos, neutrófilos, linfócitos, monócitos, plaquetas, cortisol e leptina. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado, seguido pelo teste t de Student independente supondo distribuição normal. O nível de significância estabelecido foi p < 0,05 e expresso como média ± desvio padrão. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o programa SPSS para Windows versão 12.0. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre o grupo obeso e o não-obeso na concentração sérica de leucócitos, neutrófilos, linfócitos, monócitos e cortisol. O grupo de adolescentes obesos apresentou maiores concentrações de plaquetas e leptina (p < 0,01). A prevalência de hiperleptinemia foi de 25,92 por cento nos adolescentes obesos (15,38 por cento, sexo masculino e 35,7 por cento, feminino). CONCLUSÕES: Os adolescentes obesos apresentaram maiores concentrações de plaquetas e leptina em comparação aos não-obesos. Observou-se que as adolescentes obesas apresentaram maior prevalência de hiperleptinemia do que os adolescentes obesos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of obesity status on immune cell count and concentration of the hormones cortisol and leptin, in order to establish a relationship among the variables analyzed. METHODS: We recruited 27 obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 95th percentile[ and 21 non-obese (BMI ≤ 75th percentile) adolescent boys and girls, aged 15-19 years at the post-pubertal stage. BMI was calculated as body weight divided by height squared, and body composition was estimated by plethysmography in the Bod PodTM system. Blood samples were collected to analyze leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, cortisol, and leptin. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed, followed by the independent Student t test in case of normal distribution. Significance values were set at p < 0.05 and expressed as means ± standard deviation. The statistical package SPSS for Windows version 12.0 was used. RESULTS: There was no difference between obese and non-obese adolescents in terms of leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and cortisol serum concentrations. The group of obese adolescents presented higher platelet and leptin concentrations (p < 0.01). The prevalence of hyperleptinemia was 25.92 percent in the obese adolescents (15.38 percent in boys and 35.7 percent in girls). CONCLUSIONS: Obese adolescents have higher platelet and leptin concentrations in comparison with non-obese adolescents. It was also found that obese girls presented a higher prevalence of hyperleptinemia than obese boys.

Respostas hormonais, imunológicas e enzimáticas agudas a uma partida de basquetebol / Acute hormonal, immunological and enzymatic responses to a basketball game

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as respostas hormonais, imunológicas e enzimáticas agudas a uma partida de basquetebol em jogadores profissionais desta modalidade. A amostra foi composta de oito atletas de basquetebol, praticantes a pelo menos quatro anos. Foi realizada uma partida de duração total de 40 minutos com simulação real, sendo dividida por dois tempos de 20 minutos e um intervalo de 10 minutos entre os tempos. As amostras sanguíneas foram colhidas antes e imediatamente após a partida (20 ml pelo sistema de tubos a vácuo). As variáveis analisadas foram: hormônios testosterona e cortisol, leucócitos totais, neutrófilos, linfócitos, monócitos e as enzimas creatina kinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH). Para análise estatística, foi utilizada estatística descritiva e Teste t de Student pareado com p≤0,05. A concentração pré (13,34 nmol/L e 301,97 nmol/L) e pós (17,34 nmol/L e 395,91 nmol/L) de testosterona e cortisol foram estatisticamente diferentes, com maiores valores após o jogo para ambos os hormônios respectivamente. A contagem das células imunes apresentou diferença significante nos leucócitos totais (6393,75 nmol/L e 9158,75 nmol/L) e neutrófilos (3532,5 nmol/L e 6392,62 nmol/L) com maiores valores após a partida. As variáveis enzimáticas analisadas não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Portanto, dos marcadores analisados, testosterona e cortisol mostraram aumento acentuado após a partida, o mesmo comportamento foi verificado para os leucócitos totais e neutrófilos.

The objective of the present study was to analyze the acute hormonal, immunological and enzymatic responses of professional basketball players to a basketball game. The sample was composed of eight basketball athletes, with a minimum of 4 years’ experience in basketball. A real game was simulated with a total duration of 40 minutes, divided into two halves of 20 minutes each and an interval of 10 minutes between halves. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the game (20 ml, vacuum tube system). The variables analyzed were: testosterone and cortisol hormones, total leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and the enzymes creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Statistical analysis was with descriptive statistics and the Student’s t test for paired samples to p≤0.05. The pre (13.34 nmol/L and 301.97 nmol/L) and post game (17.34 nmol/L and 395.91 nmol/L) levels of testosterone and cortisol were statistically different, with higher levels after the game for both hormones. The immune cell counts exhibited significant differences for total leukocytes (6393.75 nmol/L and 9158.75 nmol/L) and neutrophils (3532.5 nmol/L and 6392.62 nmol/L), with levels being higher after the game. No statistical differences were observed for the enzymatic variables. Therefore, based on the markers analyzed, testosterone and cortisol exhibited pronounced increases after the game and the same behavior was observed for total leukocytes and neutrophils.

Relação entre exercício físico, dano muscular e dor muscular de início tardio / Relationship between physical exercise, muscle damage and delayed-onset muscle soreness

O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as relaçães do exercício físico com o dano muscular e dor muscular de iníciotardio (DMIT). Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura de periódicos nacionais e internacionais. O dano muscular pode ocorrer em estruturas musculares (membranas, linha Z, sarcolema, túbulos T e miofi brilas) em função da sobrecarga mecânicaimposta, destacam-se os exercícios de força, principalmente com ação muscular excêntrica. Danos a musculatura esquelética podem ser analisados através de métodos diretos (amostras do músculo ou por ressonância magnética) ou por métodos indiretos (ação voluntária máxima, escalas subjetivas da percepção de dor, análise das concentraçães de enzimas e proteínas no sangue). A creatina quinase (CK), lactato desidrogenase (LDH), fragmentos da cadeia pesada de miosina, troponina-I e mioglobina podemser utilizadas como marcadores indiretos de dano muscular. A DMIT e o dano muscular podem ser infl uenciados pelo tipo de ação, com ênfase nas açães musculares excêntricas, tipo de exercício, velocidade de movimento, tempo de intervalo entre as séries,nível de treinamento individual, acometendo principalmente iniciantes. Frente a uma microlesão, os leucócitos migram para o local iniciando a reparação do dano muscular, ao passo que, histaminas, prostaglandinas, cininas e K+ produzidos por neutrófi lose macrófagos estimulam as terminaçães nervosas livres do músculo, instalando a DMIT. Apesar da aparente relação entre dano muscular e DMIT, não é possível estabelecer uma relação linear entre essas duas variáveis, uma vez que, existe divergência entre os estudos publicados...

The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between physical exercise involving muscledamage and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). A literature review of national and international periodicals was carried out. Muscle structures (membranes, Z-line, sarcomeres, T tubules and myofi brils) can become damaged as a result of an imposedmechanical overload. Of greatest note are exercises requiring strength, particularly when muscular action is eccentric. Damage to skeletal musculature can be analyzed by direct methods (muscle biopsy or magnetic resonance) or by indirect methods (maximum voluntary movement, subjective pain perception scales, analysis of enzyme and protein concentrations in blood). Creatine kinase(CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myosin heavy chain fragments, troponin-I and myoglobin can be used as indirect markers of muscle damage. Both DOMS and muscle damage can be infl uenced by the type of activity, with emphasis on eccentric muscle movements, type of exercise, velocity of the movement, interval period between series, the level of individual fi tness, this last primarily affecting beginners. When myotrauma occurs, muscle damage repair is initiated by leukocytes migrating to the injured area, although, the histamines, prostaglandins, kinins and K+ produced by neutrophils and macrophages stimulate free nerve endings in the muscle, causing the DOMS. Despite this apparent relationship between muscle damage and DOMS, it is not possible toestablish a linear relationship between these two variables, since published data are divergent...

Efeitos de diferentes programas de exercício nos quadros clínico e funcional de mulheres com excesso de peso / Effects of different exercise programs in clinic and functional status of overweight women

Atualmente o exercício físico tem sido indicado como uma ferramenta na prevenção de doenças crônico degenerativas, dentre elas a obesidade. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes protocolos de exercício de curta duração sobre a composição corporal, capacidade aeróbia e força muscular. Foram selecionadas vinte mulheres classificadas com excesso de peso, idade média de 28,5 anos, massa corporal 77,77kg e gordura corporal 34,17%. As participantes foram divididas aleatoriamente nos grupos: I) grupo que realizou 4 semanas de Componente Força (exercícios contra-resistência) e Componente Aeróbio(bicicleta estacionária e/ou esteira e treinamento em circuito com exercícios contra-resistência), sendo identificado pela sigla (FAC, n=10) e II) grupo que realizou 4 semanas de Componente Força (exercícios contra-resistência) e Componente Aeróbio (composto somente por bicicleta estacionária e/ou esteira), sendo identificado pela sigla(FA, n=10). A avaliação anterior ao início do programa serviu como os dados de controle, formando respectivamente os grupos controle FAC (ConFAC, n=10) e controle FA (ConFA, n=10). A gordura corporal foi avaliada por bioimpedância elétrica. As cargas do treinamento de força foram determinadas pelo teste de carga por repetições e o VO2max estimado pelo protocolo de caminhada de 1.600 metros do Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test. Ambos os grupos apresentaram diminuições não significativas, nas variáveis: massa corporal, gordura corporal, massagorda, circunferências da cintura e quadril, relação cintura-quadril e manutenção na massa magra. Aumentos estatisticamente significantes no VO2max foram observados apenas no grupo FAC. Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora na capacidade de geração de força, (p≤0.05). Esses resultados demonstram que mesmo um treinamento realizado por curto período (4 semanas) pode induzir adaptações positivas no quadro funcional dessa população.

The present day physical exercise has been indicated as a tool in the prevention of chronic degenerative illness, between them the obesity. In this way, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different short duration exercise protocols on body composition, aerobic capacity and muscle strength. 20 women classified with overweight, 28.5 years old in average, 77.77kg body mass and 34.17% of body fat were selected. The participants were randomly divided in the following groups: I) a group that performed 4 weeks of strength, aerobic with bicycle and/or treadmill and circuit training, identified as (FAC, n=10) and II) a group that performed 4 weeksof strength and aerobic training, exclusively composed by bicycle and/or treadmill, identified by (FA; n=10). The evaluation before the beginning of the exercise training served as the control baseline, composing respectively the control FAC group (ConFAC, n=10) and the control FA group (ConFA, n=10). Body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance. Strength training loads were determined by load repetitions test and VO2max was estimated by Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test 1.600 meters walking protocol. Both groups showed non significant reductions in the variables: body mass, body fat, fat mass, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist hip ratio and fat free mass maintenance. However, VO2max significant statistical increase was observed only for FAC group. The exercised groups showed increase in strength production capacity, (p≤0.05). These results indicate that, even ashort training period (4 weeks) induce positive adaptations in functional status of this population.