The discovery and synthesis of novel adenosine receptor (A(2A)) antagonists.

In high throughput screening of our file compounds, a novel structure 1 was identified as a potent A(2A) receptor antagonist with no selectivity over the A1 adenosine receptor. The structure-activity relationship investigation using 1 as a template lead to identification of a novel class of compounds as potent and selective antagonists of A(2A) adenosine receptor. Compound 26 was identified to be the most potent A(2A) receptor antagonist (Ki = 0.8 nM) with 100-fold selectivity over the A1 adenosine receptor.

Loss of p19ARF enhances the defects of Mdm2 overexpression in the mammary gland.

The protein encoded by the murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) gene inactivates the function of the tumor suppressor p53. The targeted expression of the mdm2 transgene (BLGmdm2) to the mammary epithelium disrupts the cell cycle, causing multiple rounds of DNA synthesis without proper cell division and consequently poor mammary gland development. These phenotypes in the mammary epithelia of the transgenic mice are not dependent on either p53 or the transcription factor E2F1, as mice null for these genes carrying the BLGmdm2 transgene exhibit similar defects to mice carrying the BLGmdm2 transgene alone. p19ARF, an alternative splice product of the INK4a/ARF locus, has been shown to interact directly with MDM2. Therefore, BLGmdm2 transgenic mice null for p19ARF were created to gain insight into the mechanism by which mdm2 overexpression disrupts the cell cycle. The BLGmdm2 phenotype in the absence of p19ARF was worse than BLGmdm2 mice and visible as early as day 15 of pregnancy. By day 5 of lactation the phenotype was very pronounced. Histological analysis of the mammary gland showed a decrease in ductal branching, smaller and fewer lobuloalveolar structures, and a decrease in luminal secretions. Multinucleated and enlarged cells were present due to continued replication in the absence of cytokinesis. Thus, the absence of p19ARF in this in vivo system enhanced the defect caused by mdm2 overexpression.

High frequency loss of heterozygosity in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-associated and sporadic pancreatic islet cell tumors: evidence for a stepwise mechanism for malignant conversion in VHL tumorigenesis.

Germ-line mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene predisposes to the development of multifocal, benign lesions, including retinal and central nervous system hemangioblastomas, pheochromocytomas, and renal and pancreatic cysts. Progression to malignancy in VHL disease is associated primarily with the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and pancreatic islet cell tumors (PICT). Although many reports have documented the multiple functions of the VHL protein, few have investigated the intriguing question related to the tissue-specificity of malignant conversion in VHL disease, a problem not easily explained by strict genotype-phenotype correlations. We investigated a novel VHL kindred with a preponderance of PICTs to determine whether loss of additional genetic loci associated with the sporadic forms of RCC and PICTs might play a role in malignant conversion in this disease. We report the high frequency loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of genetic loci distinct from and mapping proximal to VHL within human chromosome 3p in the VHL kindred under study. Furthermore, chromosome 3p LOH occurs subsequent to VHL mutation and cyst formation, and correlates with malignant progression in VHL-associated PICTs. High frequency LOH was also observed in sporadic PICTs in regions of 3p associated with LOH in sporadic clear cell RCC as well as homozygous deletion in lung cancer. A stepwise model for malignant conversion in VHL disease is herein proposed.