ABSTRACT
Noble metal nanoparticles (NP) with intrinsic antiangiogenic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties have great potential as potent chemotherapeutics, due to their unique features, including plasmonic properties for application in photothermal therapy, and their capability to slow down the migration/invasion speed of cancer cells and then suppress metastasis. In this work, gold (Au), silver (Ag), and palladium (Pd) NP were synthesized by a green redox chemistry method with the reduction of the metal salt precursor with glucose in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as stabilizing and capping agent. The physicochemical properties of the PVP-capped NP were investigated by UV-visible (UV-vis) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopies, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), to scrutinize the optical features and the interface between the metal surface and the capping polymer, the hydrodynamic size, and the morphology, respectively. Biophysical studies with model cell membranes were carried out by using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSM) with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques. To this purpose, artificial cell membranes of supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) made with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (POPC) dye-labeled with 7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl (NBD, FRET donor) and/or lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl (Rh, FRET acceptor) were prepared. Proof-of-work in vitro cellular experiments were carried out with prostate cancer cells (PC-3 line) in terms of cytotoxicity, cell migration (wound scratch assay), NP cellular uptake, and cytoskeleton actin perturbation.
ABSTRACT
Sepsis is a modern medicine icon and the onset of organ dysfunction is one of the worst scenario. More than 100 distinct molecules have been proposed as useful biological markers of sepsis. TNF-alpha, IL-6, chemokines and cytokines are considered the first line factors able to drive the dynamic process of sepsis. The PIRO scheme is a new classification of different aspects, used to stage sepsis. Resuscitation bundles must be started within 6 hours of presentation (serum lactate measured; blood cultures obtained before antibiotic therapy; broad-spectrum antibiotics within 3 hours from emergency admission and 1 hour from ICU admission; in case of hypotension and/or lactate higher than 4 mmol/L deliver an initial 20 ml/kg of crystalloid or colloid solution or apply vasopressors for hypotension not responding to initial fluid resuscitation to maintain mean arterial pressure above 65 mmHg). A management bundle should be implemented within 24 hour (low-dose steroids administered for septic shock; recombinant human activated protein C; glucose control maintained at less than 8.3 mmol/L; inspiratory plateau pressures maintained at less than 30 cm H2O).
