African immigrant child health: A scoping review.

The health of migrant children is a pressing issue. While most African migration takes place within Africa, a significant number of African migrants travel to outside of the continent. This article reports findings from a scoping review on the health of African immigrant children from sub-Saharan Africa now living outside of Africa. A systematic search for studies published between 2000 and 2019 resulted in only 20 studies reporting on the health of children up to 18 years of age migrating from sub-Saharan Africa. Data from these articles were thematically analyzed, highlighting concerns related to the children's nutrition status (n = 8), mental health (n = 7), and physical health (n = 5). Study participants were primarily from Somali and Ethiopia, and most studies were conducted in Australia or Israel. The review highlights several gaps related to the scope, range, and nature of evidence on the health of African immigrant children living outside of Africa. In particular, most focus on children's nutritional and mental health, but pay little attention to other health concerns this specific population may encounter or to the benefits associated with effective responses.

Polymerization of cellulose nanocrystals-based Pickering HIPE towards green porous materials.

Porous materials were produced based on high internal phase emulsions (HIPE) formulation stabilized by modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). CNCs were first modified with bromoisobutyryl bromide and used as Pickering emulsion stabilizers to formulate highly concentrated inverse emulsions. Solid foams with an open porosity were successively produced by free radical polymerization of styrene/divinylbenzene continuous phase. The final materials were characterized regarding their cell size distribution, porosity and mechanical properties and then compared with well-known styrene/DVB polyHIPE stabilized either with usual surfactants or solid particles.

Three-dimensional transvaginal sonography in third-trimester evaluation of placenta previa.

In cases of placenta previa, the distance from the placental edge to the internal os is determinant in deciding on the mode of delivery that will minimize the risk of hemorrhage. The reproducibility and interobserver reliability of this measure are unknown. The internal os is not a point, as two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography might suggest, but an oval patch that has a measurable width, which may be as wide as the distance separating it from the placenta. It is therefore difficult to determine the exact location of the os using a 2D sectional plane. We report the case of a nulliparous woman admitted for vaginal bleeding at 37 weeks' gestation in whom transvaginal ultrasound examination showed placenta previa, but for which two sonographers reported different measurements for the distance between the placental edge and the internal os. We describe a technique to measure this distance using multiplanar three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging, which allows the smallest distance between the middle of the os and the edge of the placenta, which appears as a line, to be determined. In this case, measurement using 3D ultrasound showed a shorter distance than was suggested by 2D examination. This led us to schedule a Cesarean section delivery, during which there was minimal bleeding. Standardization of 3D measurements should make it possible to define more relevant cut-offs for determining the management of cases of placenta previa.

[Ultrasound in monitoring of the second stage of labour]. / Le suivi échographique de la deuxième partie du travail.

In the second stage of labor, fetal head rotation and fetal head position are determinant for the management of labor to attempt a vaginal delivery or a cesarean section. However, digital examination is highly subjective. Nowadays, delivery rooms are often equipped with compact and high performance ultrasound systems. The clinical examination can be easily completed by quantified and reproducible methods. Transabdominal ultrasonography is a well-known and efficient way to determine the fetal head position. Nevertheless, ultrasound approach to assess fetal head descent is less widespread. We can use translabial or transperineal way to evaluate fetal head position. We describe precisely two different types of methods: the linear methods (3 different types) and the angles of progression (4 different types of measurement). Among all those methods, the main pelvic landmarks are the symphysis pubis and the fetal skull. The angle of progression appears promising but the assessment was restricted to occipitoanterior fetal position cases. In the coming years, ultrasound will likely play a greater role in the management of labor.

[Specimen radiography assessment of surgical margins status in subclinical breast carcinoma: a diagnostic study]. / Évaluation radiographique du statut des marges de résection dans le carcinome in situ du sein: une étude diagnostique.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the accuracy of specimen radiography in evaluating the surgical margins of impalpable breast carcinoma. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study from June 2009 to June 2010 in Orleans Hospital Center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study involved patients with impalpable in situ breast carcinoma diagnosed by mammography. Only patients with larger in situ carcinoma than invasive carcinoma were included. Patients underwent a breast conserving surgery after preoperative localization of the lesion. PRIMARY ENDPOINT: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the specimen radiography are determined by correlation between radiologic and histologic margins. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The following results were obtained from 46 patients: 36 DCIS cases (78%), six DCIS with IDC cases (13%), two LCIS cases (4%) and two biopsy suggested DCIS (4%). A radiologic margin of 2mm (by analogy with the histological margins) results in a NPV of 73%. NPV, sensibility and specificity were respectively 79, 60 and 74% for a radiologic margin of 5mm. The measure or inter-rater reliability found a moderate agreement (kappa: 0.62). The systematic review on this topic found only eight articles (small samples and only two prospective studies). We could not make any recommendations from the literature review on a threshold to define excision margin status. CONCLUSION: The specimen radiography is a useful tool to assess margins of impalpable breast carcinoma. However, further studies are necessary as this point to determine a threshold for those radiologic margins.

[Fetal hepatosplenomegaly in the third trimester: A sign of leukemia in fetuses with Down syndrome]. / Hépatosplénomégalie fœtale au troisième trimestre : un signe d'appel de leucémie chez les fœtus porteurs de trisomie 21.

Risk for leukemic conditions increases in individuals with Down syndrome. We report a third trimester antenatal diagnosis of leukemia in a Down syndrome fetus. The third trimester ultrasound examination revealed a hepatosplenomegaly, which may suggest a myelopoiesis disorder. A review of the literature of eight cases described antenatally and 14 cases in the immediate neonatal period is presented.

Seasonal susceptibility of 'Bartlett' pears to codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infestation and notes on diapause induction.

Seasonal susceptibility of 'Bartlett' pear, Pyrus communis L., to codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), infestation, successful completion of larval development after infestation, and the induction of C. pomonella diapause was studied from 1992 through 1995. The seasonal variation in C. pomonella infestation and larval survival were effected by changes in fruit maturity. In late May through mid-June, pears were hard and were not as successfully infested by C. pomonella and produced less larvae compared with fruit later in the season. In late June to mid-July, pears became more suitable for infestation and a greater percentage of the larvae completed their development. In late July through mid-August, pears were susceptible to infestation, but the larvae were less likely to successfully complete development than in the late June to mid-July period due to pear tissue breakdown. From mid-August through September, pears are unsuitable for infestation, and few larvae were produced. When fruit were infested with neonate larvae in late May and mature larvae emerged from the fruit in July, a low percentage of the larvae entered diapause. However, when fruit were infested with neonate larvae in early July and mature larvae emerged from the fruit in early August, the majority of the larvae entered diapause. When fruit were infested with neonate larvae in late July through September and mature larvae emerged from the fruit after mid-August, nearly all C. pomonella larvae had entered diapause.

First Report of Verticillium dahliae on Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) in North America.

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, Asteraceae) is the source of stevioside, a sweet, low-calorie sugar substitute. Acreage of stevia in California has been increasing in recent years. In October 1999, stevia plants in a commercial field exhibited stunting, leaf necrosis, and vascular discoloration. Verticillium dahliae was consistently isolated from diseased root and stem pieces plated on water agar and acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA). Colonies became dark with age on APDA, formed single celled conidia on hyaline verticillate condiophores, and produced dark microsclerotia. Stevia (cv. R-set 1) plants were grown from seed in soilless potting mix in 20-cm-diameter pots. Roots of eight 4-week-old stevia plants were submerged in a 106 conidia per ml suspension of one of the isolates for 2 min. Eight control plants were dipped in sterile water. The plants were then repotted in soilless potting mix in 10-cm-diameter pots. Four weeks later, inoculated plants exhibited stunting, necrotic lower leaves, and discolored vascular systems. Control plants remained healthy. V. dahliae was reisolated on water agar from diseased plants. The experiment was conducted twice and the results were identical. This is the first report of V. dahliae on stevia in North America.