ABSTRACT
LiNbO(3) single-crystal fibers with diameters of 63 and 230 mum were grown, and the second-harmonic-generation (SHG) process was studied with femtosecond laser pulses perpendicularly focused to the fiber. SHG occurred without collinear phase matching, leading to wavelength-independent overall conversion efficiency, unlike in a bulk crystal. The scattering pattern of the second harmonic exhibited an intense forward peak and an almost-uniform, less-intense distribution around the fiber, owing to trapping in high-Q whispering modes. Implementation of a second-order autocorrelator with the 63-mum fiber demonstrates its application potential.
ABSTRACT
En 1993; la Banque Mondiale a consacre son desormais traditionnel Rapport sur le developpement dans le monde au theme de la sante et plus particulierement a investir dans la sante. C'est dire l'importance de ce probleme; de la sante bien sur en tant que facteur essentiel de developpemnt mais aussi de son financement: on sait que le manque croissant de ressources financieres est une des causes essentielles de la deterioration de la qualite des soins en Afrique sub saharienne et le Congo n'y echappe malheureusement pas
Subject(s)
Health Planning Support , Quality of Health CareABSTRACT
We compared the direct costs of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (Allo-BMT), autologous bone marrow transplantation (Auto-BMT) and chemotherapy (Chemo) in 40 adult patients under the age of 55 years with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR). Fourteen patients were treated with Allo-BMT, 11 with Auto-BMT and 15 with Chemo. These patients, who were part of two cooperative consecutive trials enrolling a total of 196 patients (BGM 84 and BGMT 87 studies), were those who were treated in the CHR Bordeaux and achieved CR after induction chemotherapy. Cost accounting extended over a maximum period of 5 years. The average cost of the procedure for a mean follow-up of 2 years and excluding the cost of treatment after relapse which eventually occurred was significantly higher for the Allo-BMT group (FF 392,724) and the Auto-BMT group (FF 393,461) than for the group that received Chemo (FF 128,947) (p < 0.00001). The average cost for the treatment of relapse was estimated at FF 266,436, irrespective of the previous treatment. The total cost, including the estimated cost of relapse according to its probability of occurring calculated from the original population, was significantly higher for the Allo-BMT group (FF 424,696; p < 0.01) and the Auto-BMT group (FF 505,364; p < 0.0001) than for the Chemo group (FF 304,846).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/economics , Bone Marrow Transplantation/economics , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/economics , Adolescent , Adult , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Costs and Cost Analysis , Female , Humans , Length of Stay , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/surgery , Male , Middle Aged , Transplantation, Autologous , Transplantation, Homologous , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Nursing Staff, Hospital/psychology , Occupational Exposure , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Humans , Nursing Staff, Hospital/education , Prospective Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The evolution observed in the number of kidney grafts performed in France and the number of recipients living with a functional graft is described. Using the data collected between 1975 and 1988 and the graft survival rates, the size of this population for the 5 forthcoming years can be predicted. The annual number of kidney grafts will stabilize at 2,750 in 1993, if we assume a limit of 50 grafts per million inhabitants, which is the maximum rate currently observed in several regions of France. At this level, the organs used for kidney retransplantations would begin to reduce the availability of kidney first grafts. These predictions are based on the assumption that no major adverse change will occur in the current organ procurement policy. The total number of kidney recipients would then reach about 17,700 in 1994. This population has increased fivefold since 1980 and will double in the forthcoming years. Henceforth, plans for financial and human resources to ensure the follow-up of this population should be implemented.
Subject(s)
Kidney Transplantation , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , France , Graft Survival , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Middle Aged , PrognosisABSTRACT
Two outbreaks of trichinosis occurred in France in 1985 and 1,073 cases were identified. These outbreaks were related to the consumption of parasitized horse meat. The medical and social cost of these outbreaks have been estimated with a sample of 92 patients. The average medical cost was 1,200 FF by outpatient and 17,300 FF by hospitalized patient. For the 1,073 cases, the total cost of these 2 outbreaks is estimated to have been between 7 and 11 millions FF. Of this sum, the hospitalization fees exceeded 51% and the social cost was 36% (loss of productivity). Since October 1985, a decree of the French Ministry of Agriculture has imposed a parasitologic test on all horse carcasses slaughtered in France or imported. This examination costs under 5 FF (under $1) per carcass. This study shows that the systematic examination for trichinosis of horse meat carcasses should be continued and that more sensitive screening methods should be developed.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/economics , Trichinellosis/economics , Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Child , Female , Horses/parasitology , Humans , Length of Stay/economics , Male , Meat/adverse effects , Middle Aged , Paris/epidemiology , Trichinellosis/epidemiology , Trichinellosis/transmissionABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to try to predict the number of cadaveric kidney transplantations (CKT) that will be performed in the year 1993. The raw data regarding the number of renal transplants that have been performed annually since 1975 in 31 countries, which were divided into six groups, were collected from published reports and confirmed by a questionnaire sent to all centers. The annual number of grafts was estimated using an exponential model, highly correlated with retrospective data (r2 greater than 0.99). Predictions for 1993 were extrapolated. The growth of transplantation activity is limited by a shortage of available donor organs. The maximum number of grafts was arbitrarily set at 40 per million population, which is the maximum rate currently observed. The total number of CKT carried out between 1975 and 1986 was 114,000; this will probably exceed 280,000 in 1993. The yearly activity in 1987 exceeded 16,500 and is expected to reach approximatively 26,000 grafts in 1993.
Subject(s)
Kidney Transplantation/statistics & numerical data , Africa, Northern , Australia , Europe , Humans , Models, Statistical , North America , Prospective Studies , Retrospective StudiesSubject(s)
Cross Infection/epidemiology , Measles/transmission , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , France , Hospitalization , Humans , Infant , Male , Measles/complications , Measles/epidemiologyABSTRACT
By 30th September 1985, 21 countries were taking part in a network of AIDS surveillance in Europe. The data collected by each country are centralized in one of the WHO Collaborating Centres on AIDS, located in Paris (France). The cases reported are analysed according to sex, age, disease category, date of diagnosis, geographic origin, and distribution according to risk groups. The results of this surveillance enable the characteristics of this epidemic to be described in Europe and provide a useful tool for adapting public health strategies to the respective conditions in each country.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/mortality , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Europe , Female , Hemophilia A/therapy , Homosexuality , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Population Surveillance , Risk , Substance-Related DisordersABSTRACT
Hydatidosis is a very common disease in Tunisia, with a great economical importance for the health care system. In 1983, for Sousse Hospital, the total cost for hydatidosis was 125,000 US $. More than half of these costs were for "hospital days". A more rational in the services administration would make decrease these costs, but the best is a special attention to primary prevention.
Subject(s)
Echinococcosis/economics , Hospital Departments/economics , Hospitals, Teaching/economics , Hospitals, University/economics , Surgery Department, Hospital/economics , Costs and Cost Analysis , Echinococcosis/surgery , Female , Humans , Length of Stay/economics , Male , TunisiaABSTRACT
A survey of intestinal parasitosis was conducted in Martinique by INSERM in 1978. The survey used a stratified sample of 823 households from the general population. The most prevalent parasitosis are: schistosomiasis 19%; ancylostomiasis 18%; trichuriasis 37%; ascaridiasis 7%; strongiloidiasis 3%. 70% of the 5 to 15 age group carries at least 1 parasite. The prevalence of trichuriasis, ascaridiasis and giardiasis is greatest in the 5 to 15 age group, Ancylostomiasis concerns mostly the 15 to 30 age group. Schistosomiasis, was most prevalent in adults over 30 years of age. Prevalence of parasitosis in rural regions is double that of urbanised regions. Schistosomiasis mostly occurs in the north. Ascaridiasis in the north-east. Rainfall and housing status, each influence on the rates of infestation.
