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1.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 66(9): 303-307, 1 mayo, 2018. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-173323

ABSTRACT

Introducción. El síndrome de hipoventilación central congénita (SHCC) es una enfermedad rara producida por mutaciones en el gen PHOX2B. Los pacientes muestran una reducida respuesta a la hipercapnia e hipoxia acompañada de alteraciones difusas del sistema nervioso autónomo y ocasionalmente alteraciones en neuroimagen. No se ha descrito un perfil neuropsicológico específico en los niños y adolescentes con SHCC. Casos clínicos. Se presentan tres casos (de edades comprendidas entre 4 y 19 años) con diferente perfil de afectación cognitiva y funcional. Se comparan los perfiles de los tres casos con los hallazgos descritos en la bibliografía sobre neuropsicología en el SHCC. Conclusiones. El perfil de afectación funcional en el SHCC es variable: en el caso 1 se describe un grave retraso global en el desarrollo con rasgos autistas y acusadas implicaciones funcionales. En el caso 2, la atrofia bilateral del hipocampo se asocia a déficit en cognición social y alteraciones en funciones ejecutivas con moderada repercusión funcional. El caso 3 muestra dificultades en algunas funciones ejecutivas cognitivas (planificación y fluidez no verbal), pero sin repercusión funcional. La evaluación neuropsicológica puede ayudar en el manejo clínico de estos pacientes determinando y orientando la necesidad de tratamientos rehabilitadores


Introduction. Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) syndrome is a rare disease caused by mutations in the PHOX2B gene. Patients show a reduced response to hypercapnia and hypoxia accompanied by diffuse disturbances of the autonomic nervous system and occasionaly also disturbances in neuroimaging. A specific neuropsychological profile has not been described in children and adolescents with CCHS. Case reports. We describe three cases (aged between 4 and 19 years) with different profiles of affectation in cognitive and functionality. These profiles are compared with the features described in the literature about neuropsychology in CCHS. Conclusions. The profile of functional impairment in the CCHS is variable: in case 1, a severe global developmental delay with autistic features and marked functional involvement is described. In case 2, bilateral atrophy of the hippocampus is associated with involvement in social cognition and in executive functions with moderate functional repercussion. Case 3 shows difficulties in some cognitive executive functions (planning and non-verbal fluency), but without functional repercussion. Neuropsychological assessment can help in the clinical management of these patients by determining and guiding the need for rehabilitation treatments


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Young Adult , Sleep Apnea, Central/complications , Sleep Apnea, Central/diagnosis , Neuropsychological Tests , Cognitive Dysfunction/complications , Cognitive Neuroscience , Wechsler Scales , Neurocognitive Disorders/complications
2.
Rev Neurol ; 60(2): 75-80, 2015 Jan 16.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25583590

ABSTRACT

AIM: To document reversible cognitive deterioration associated to high doses of zonisamide, using the Reliable Change Index to control practice effects derived from repetitive neuropsychological assessments. CASE REPORT: A 11 year-old boy with tuberous sclerosis complex and left frontal refractory epilepsy, evaluated within a paediatric epilepsy surgery program. The epileptogenic zone was found to be related with a tuber situated on the left inferior frontal gyrus. The effects of high doses of zonisamide simulate a disturbance of eloquent cortex within the epileptogenic zone and the impact of uncontrolled seizures on cognitive functioning over the language-dominant hemisphere. Drug withdrawal significantly improved total intelligence index, verbal comprehension intellectual index and specific language-sustained cognitive abilities, beyond practice effects. CONCLUSIONS: The differentiation between cognitive effects of drugs and functional deficits resulting from eloquent cortex involvement within the epileptogenic zone can be of crucial importance in the decision-making process for epilepsy surgery.


TITLE: Deterioro neuropsicologico reversible asociado a zonisamida en un paciente pediatrico con esclerosis tuberosa.Objetivo. Documentar el deterioro cognitivo reversible asociado a altas dosis de zonisamida, utilizando indices de cambio fiable para controlar los efectos de practica derivados de evaluaciones neuropsicologicas repetidas. Caso clinico. Niño de 11 años con complejo esclerosis tuberosa y epilepsia refractaria del lobulo frontal izquierdo, evaluado en el contexto de un programa de cirugia de la epilepsia pediatrica. La zona epileptogena se relaciono con un tuber epileptogeno localizado en el giro frontal inferior del hemisferio izquierdo. Los efectos de altas dosis de zonisamida mimetizaron una afectacion de la corteza elocuente en la zona epileptogena y un impacto de las crisis no controladas en el funcionamiento cognitivo asociado al hemisferio dominante para el lenguaje. La retirada del farmaco mejoro significativamente, mas alla de los efectos de practica, el cociente intelectual total, el indice intelectual de comprension verbal y habilidades cognitivas especificas sustentadas en el lenguaje. Conclusiones. La diferenciacion entre los efectos cognitivos de los farmacos y la existencia de un deficit funcional por afectacion de la corteza elocuente en el area epileptogena puede ser crucial para la toma de decisiones en cirugia de la epilepsia.


Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Cognition Disorders/chemically induced , Epilepsies, Partial/drug therapy , Isoxazoles/adverse effects , Language Disorders/chemically induced , Learning Disabilities/chemically induced , Tuberous Sclerosis/complications , Acetamides/therapeutic use , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Benzodiazepines/therapeutic use , Child , Clobazam , Dibenzazepines/therapeutic use , Drug Substitution , Drug Therapy, Combination , Epilepsies, Partial/etiology , Epilepsies, Partial/physiopathology , Frontal Lobe/physiopathology , Humans , Isoxazoles/therapeutic use , Lacosamide , Male , Memory Disorders/chemically induced , Neuroimaging , Nitriles , Pyridones/therapeutic use , Zonisamide
3.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 60(2): 75-80, 16 ene., 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-131719

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Documentar el deterioro cognitivo reversible asociado a altas dosis de zonisamida, utilizando índices de cambio fiable para controlar los efectos de práctica derivados de evaluaciones neuropsicológicas repetidas. Caso clínico. Niño de 11 años con complejo esclerosis tuberosa y epilepsia refractaria del lóbulo frontal izquierdo, evaluado en el contexto de un programa de cirugía de la epilepsia pediátrica. La zona epileptógena se relacionó con un túber epileptógeno localizado en el giro frontal inferior del hemisferio izquierdo. Los efectos de altas dosis de zonisamida mimetizaron una afectación de la corteza elocuente en la zona epileptógena y un impacto de las crisis no controladas en el funcionamiento cognitivo asociado al hemisferio dominante para el lenguaje. La retirada del fármaco mejoró significativamente, más allá de los efectos de práctica, el cociente intelectual total, el índice intelectual de comprensión verbal y habilidades cognitivas específicas sustentadas en el lenguaje. Conclusiones. La diferenciación entre los efectos cognitivos de los fármacos y la existencia de un déficit funcional por afectación de la corteza elocuente en el área epileptógena puede ser crucial para la toma de decisiones en cirugía de la epilepsia (AU)


Aim. To document reversible cognitive deterioration associated to high doses of zonisamide, using the Reliable Change Index to control practice effects derived from repetitive neuropsychological assessments. Case report. A 11 year-old boy with tuberous sclerosis complex and left frontal refractory epilepsy, evaluated within a paediatric epilepsy surgery program. The epileptogenic zone was found to be related with a tuber situated on the left inferior frontal gyrus. The effects of high doses of zonisamide simulate a disturbance of eloquent cortex within the epileptogenic zone and the impact of uncontrolled seizures on cognitive functioning over the language-dominant hemisphere. Drug withdrawal significantly improved total intelligence index, verbal comprehension intellectual index and specific languagesustained cognitive abilities, beyond practice effects. Conclusions. The differentiation between cognitive effects of drugs and functional deficits resulting from eloquent cortex involvement within the epileptogenic zone can be of crucial importance in the ecision-making process for epilepsy surgery (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Neuropsychological Tests , Tuberous Sclerosis/complications , Tuberous Sclerosis/diagnosis , Sulfonamides/adverse effects , Sulfonamides/therapeutic use , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Epilepsy/surgery , Electroencephalography/methods , Electroencephalography/trends , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Confidence Intervals , Verbal Learning/physiology , Neuropsychology/methods , Neuropsychology/trends
4.
Rev Neurol ; 58 Suppl 1: S37-42, 2014 Feb 24.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25252666

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Multiple factors underlie the cognitive changes associated with epilepsy, including the effect of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy itself. The use of AEDs in the management of epilepsy requires an ongoing risk-benefit analysis that attempts to maximize seizure control while minimizing adverse cognitive side-effects. AIM: This review focuses on the global and specific cognitive effects of the classic and the new AEDs. DEVELOPMENT: All of the established AEDs can produce cognitive side effects, which are increased with polypharmacy and with increasing dosage and anticonvulsant blood levels. The main disorders are a diminished reaction and information processing time with alterations affecting memory, attention and language. Further, there is much debate concerning the existence and clinical importance of differential AED cognitive side effects and a large portion of the literature examining the comparative cognitive effects of AEDs is limited by inadequate study designs. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs are common and can negatively affect tolerability, compliance, and long-term retention of the treatment. The role of cognitive side effects should be kept in proper perspective when choosing AED therapy. It is important to be able to recognize early these effects and to put them into perspective as to how they affect our patients.


TITLE: Epilepsia y cognicion: el papel de los farmacos antiepilepticos.Introduccion. Multiples y muy diversos factores se relacionan con la alteracion cognitiva en la epilepsia, incluyendo el efecto adverso directo de los farmacos antiepilepticos (FAE). El uso de los FAE requiere de un riguroso equilibrio entre riesgo y beneficio para conseguir asi el mejor control de las crisis con el menor numero de efectos adversos neurocognitivos. Objetivo. Analizar los efectos adversos cognitivos generales y especificos de los FAE de primera, segunda y tercera generacion. Desarrollo. Todos los FAE disponibles pueden producir efectos adversos cognitivos, que son mas frecuentes en politerapia, con dosis totales altas y niveles sericos elevados. Las alteraciones mas comunes son el descenso de la capacidad de reaccion y de la velocidad de procesamiento con afectacion concomitante de la memoria, la atencion y el lenguaje. Sin embargo, hay gran controversia sobre la existencia o no de perfiles cognitivos especificos para cada uno de los distintos FAE y se dispone de una informacion contradictoria al respecto por la inadecuada metodologia de los estudios comparativos. Conclusiones. Los efectos adversos cognitivos de los FAE son frecuentes y pueden afectar negativamente la tolerabilidad, el cumplimiento y el mantenimiento a largo plazo del tratamiento antiepileptico. Se debe considerar el potencial efecto adverso cognitivo de los distintos FAE a la hora de elegir un tratamiento y es importante reconocer e identificar precozmente estos efectos adversos y saber como pueden afectar a los pacientes.


Subject(s)
Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Child Behavior Disorders/chemically induced , Cognition Disorders/chemically induced , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Learning Disabilities/chemically induced , Memory Disorders/chemically induced , Anticonvulsants/classification , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Attention/drug effects , Child , Child Behavior Disorders/etiology , Cognition/drug effects , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Drug Synergism , Epilepsy/psychology , Humans , Language Disorders/chemically induced , Language Disorders/etiology , Learning Disabilities/etiology , Memory/drug effects , Memory Disorders/etiology , Risk Assessment
5.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 58(3): 97-102, 1 feb., 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-119365

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La epilepsia mioclónica benigna del lactante (EMBL) es un síndrome electroclínico de características homogéneas y bien definidas, considerado clásicamente de buen pronóstico. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se han publicado estudios con resultados variables en cuanto a evolución neuropsicológica. Objetivo. Analizar la evolución natural y el pronóstico neurocognitivo y conductual de los pacientes con EMBL. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de 10 pacientes con EMBL, con un período de seguimiento de más de cinco años, durante los cuales se realizó una evaluación neurocognitiva y conductual. Resultados. En el 60% de los pacientes las crisis se controlaron con ácido valproico en monoterapia, y el 80% no presentó nuevas crisis durante su seguimiento. El cociente intelectual de la cohorte se situó entre 74 y 93; tres pacientes tuvieron un cociente intelectual en rango de inteligencia límite, y seis, en rango de inteligencia media-baja. Nueve pacientes cumplieron criterios de trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad y dos asociaban otro trastorno del aprendizaje, uno de ellos trastorno de aprendizaje no verbal, y el otro, trastorno específico de la lectoescritura. Todos los pacientes presentaron datos de pobre coordinación motriz y visuoespacial, y tres fueron diagnosticados de trastorno de conducta. Conclusiones. El término ‘benigno’ en la EMBL debe utilizarse con precaución en cuanto a su pronóstico neurocognitivo y conductual. El inicio precoz y un peor control de las crisis podrían suponer factores de riesgo de evolución neuropsicológica desfavorable (AU)


Introduction. Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (BMEI) is a well-defined electro-clinical syndrome, classically associated with a good prognosis. However, in the last years several studies have been published with variable results of neuropsychological outcome in BMEI. Aim. To analyze the natural history and the cognitive and behavioral outcome in BMEI patients. Patients and methods. We report a long-term follow-up of 10 patients with BMEI. During the follow-up, all the patients underwent neurocognitive and behavioral evaluations. Results. Sixty percent of patients became seizure free on valproic acid. The intelligence quotient of the whole cohort was between 74 and 93, with three patients in the range of borderline intelligence and six in the range of medium-to-low intelligence. Nine of the 10 patients met criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and two patients associated another learning disorder. All patients showed poor motor and visuospatial coordination signs and three patients had a behavior disorder. Conclusions. The term ‘benign’ in BMEI has to be used with caution in refer to its behavioral and cognitive outcome. Early onset of seizures and a worse epilepsy control may be risk factors of a poor neuropsychological outcome (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/epidemiology , Child Behavior Disorders/epidemiology , Learning Disabilities/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors
6.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 58(supl.1): 37-42, 24 feb., 2014. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-119460

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Múltiples y muy diversos factores se relacionan con la alteración cognitiva en la epilepsia, incluyendo el efecto adverso directo de los fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE). El uso de los FAE requiere de un riguroso equilibrio entre riesgo y beneficio para conseguir así el mejor control de las crisis con el menor número de efectos adversos neurocognitivos. Objetivo. Analizar los efectos adversos cognitivos generales y específicos de los FAE de primera, segunda y tercera generación. Desarrollo. Todos los FAE disponibles pueden producir efectos adversos cognitivos, que son más frecuentes en politerapia, con dosis totales altas y niveles séricos elevados. Las alteraciones más comunes son el descenso de la capacidad de reacción y de la velocidad de procesamiento con afectación concomitante de la memoria, la atención y el lenguaje. Sin embargo, hay gran controversia sobre la existencia o no de perfiles cognitivos específicos para cada uno de los distintos FAE y se dispone de una información contradictoria al respecto por la inadecuada metodología de los estudios comparativos. Conclusiones. Los efectos adversos cognitivos de los FAE son frecuentes y pueden afectar negativamente la tolerabilidad, el cumplimiento y el mantenimiento a largo plazo del tratamiento antiepiléptico. Se debe considerar el potencial efecto adverso cognitivo de los distintos FAE a la hora de elegir un tratamiento y es importante reconocer e identificar precozmente estos efectos adversos y saber cómo pueden afectar a los pacientes (AU)


Introduction. Multiple factors underlie the cognitive changes associated with epilepsy, including the effect of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy itself. The use of AEDs in the management of epilepsy requires an ongoing risk-benefit analysis that attempts to maximize seizure control while minimizing adverse cognitive side-effects. Aim. This review focuses on the global and specific cognitive effects of the classic and the new AEDs. Development. All of the established AEDs can produce cognitive side effects, which are increased with polypharmacy and with increasing dosage and anticonvulsant blood levels. The main disorders are a diminished reaction and information processing time with alterations affecting memory, attention and language. Further, there is much debate concerning the existence and clinical importance of differential AED cognitive side effects and a large portion of the literature examining the comparative cognitive effects of AEDs is limited by inadequate study designs. Conclusions. Cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs are common and can negatively affect tolerability, compliance, and long-term retention of the treatment. The role of cognitive side effects should be kept in proper perspective when choosing AED therapy. It is important to be able to recognize early these effects and to put them into perspective as to how they affect our patients (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Cognition Disorders/chemically induced , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Patient Safety , Medication Therapy Management , Learning Disabilities/epidemiology
7.
Rev Neurol ; 58(3): 97-102, 2014 Feb 01.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24469935

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (BMEI) is a well-defined electro-clinical syndrome, classically associated with a good prognosis. However, in the last years several studies have been published with variable results of neuropsychological outcome in BMEI. AIM. To analyze the natural history and the cognitive and behavioral outcome in BMEI patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report a long-term follow-up of 10 patients with BMEI. During the follow-up, all the patients underwent neurocognitive and behavioral evaluations. RESULTS: Sixty percent of patients became seizure free on valproic acid. The intelligence quotient of the whole cohort was between 74 and 93, with three patients in the range of borderline intelligence and six in the range of medium-to-low intelligence. Nine of the 10 patients met criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and two patients associated another learning disorder. All patients showed poor motor and visuospatial coordination signs and three patients had a behavior disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The term 'benign' in BMEI has to be used with caution in refer to its behavioral and cognitive outcome. Early onset of seizures and a worse epilepsy control may be risk factors of a poor neuropsychological outcome.


TITLE: Epilepsia mioclonica benigna del lactante: evolucion natural y pronostico neurocognitivo y conductual.Introduccion. La epilepsia mioclonica benigna del lactante (EMBL) es un sindrome electroclinico de caracteristicas homogeneas y bien definidas, considerado clasicamente de buen pronostico. Sin embargo, en los ultimos años se han publicado estudios con resultados variables en cuanto a evolucion neuropsicologica. Objetivo. Analizar la evolucion natural y el pronostico neurocognitivo y conductual de los pacientes con EMBL. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio retrospectivo de 10 pacientes con EMBL, con un periodo de seguimiento de mas de cinco años, durante los cuales se realizo una evaluacion neurocognitiva y conductual. Resultados. En el 60% de los pacientes las crisis se controlaron con acido valproico en monoterapia, y el 80% no presento nuevas crisis durante su seguimiento. El cociente intelectual de la cohorte se situo entre 74 y 93; tres pacientes tuvieron un cociente intelectual en rango de inteligencia limite, y seis, en rango de inteligencia media-baja. Nueve pacientes cumplieron criterios de trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad y dos asociaban otro trastorno del aprendizaje, uno de ellos trastorno de aprendizaje no verbal, y el otro, trastorno especifico de la lectoescritura. Todos los pacientes presentaron datos de pobre coordinacion motriz y visuoespacial, y tres fueron diagnosticados de trastorno de conducta. Conclusiones. El termino 'benigno' en la EMBL debe utilizarse con precaucion en cuanto a su pronostico neurocognitivo y conductual. El inicio precoz y un peor control de las crisis podrian suponer factores de riesgo de evolucion neuropsicologica desfavorable.


Subject(s)
Child Behavior Disorders/etiology , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/epidemiology , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/etiology , Child Behavior Disorders/epidemiology , Cognition Disorders/epidemiology , Disease Progression , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/complications , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/drug therapy , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/psychology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Infant , Intelligence , Learning Disabilities/epidemiology , Learning Disabilities/etiology , Male , Movement Disorders/epidemiology , Movement Disorders/etiology , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Valproic Acid/therapeutic use
8.
Rev Neurol ; 54 Suppl 3: S59-66, 2012 May 21.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22605633

ABSTRACT

The main usefulness of video electroencephalographic (video-EEG) monitoring lies in the fact that it allows proper classification of the type of epileptic seizure and epileptic syndrome, identification of minor seizures, location of the epileptogenic zone and differentiation between epileptic seizures and non-epileptic paroxysmal manifestations (NEPM). In infants and pre-school age children, the clinical signs with which epileptic seizures are expressed differ to those of older children, seizures with bilateral motor signs such as epileptic spasms, tonic and myoclonic seizures predominate, and seizures with interruption of activity or hypomotor seizures, and no prominent automatisms are observed. In children with focal epilepsies, focal and generalised signs are often superposed, both clinically and in the EEG. NEPM may be benign transitory disorders or they can be episodic symptoms of different neurological or psychopathological disorders. NEPM are often observed in children with mental retardation, neurological compromise or autism spectrum disorders, who present epileptic seizures and epileptiform abnormalities in the baseline EEG. It then becomes necessary to determine which episodes correspond to epileptic seizures and which do not. The NEPM that are most frequently registered in the video-EEG in infants and pre-school age children are unexpected sudden motor contractions ('spasms'), introspective tendencies, motor stereotypic movements and paroxysmal sleep disorders.


Subject(s)
Electroencephalography/methods , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Myoclonus/diagnosis , Spasm/diagnosis , Video Recording , Brain/physiopathology , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/complications , Child, Preschool , Diagnosis, Differential , Epilepsies, Myoclonic/diagnosis , Epilepsy/physiopathology , Epilepsy, Absence/diagnosis , Gastroesophageal Reflux/complications , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Intellectual Disability/complications , Myoclonus/etiology , Myoclonus/physiopathology , Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/diagnosis , Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/etiology , Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic/physiopathology , Spasm/etiology , Spasm/physiopathology , Stereotypic Movement Disorder/diagnosis , Stereotypic Movement Disorder/etiology , Stereotypic Movement Disorder/physiopathology , Syncope/etiology , Syndrome , Tics/diagnosis , Tics/etiology , Tics/physiopathology
9.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 54(supl.3): s59-s66, 21 mayo, 2012.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-100108

ABSTRACT

Resumen. Las principales utilidades de la monitorización videoelectroencefalográfica (video-EEG) son clasificar adecuadamente el tipo de crisis epiléptica y de síndrome epiléptico, identificar crisis menores, localizar la zona epileptógena y diferenciar las crisis epilépticas de las manifestaciones paroxísticas no epilépticas (MPNE). En el lactante y el niño en edad preescolar, las crisis epilépticas se expresan con signos clínicos diferentes a los del niño más mayor, predominan las crisis con signos motores bilaterales, como espasmos epilépticos, crisis tónicas y mioclonías, y las crisis con interrupción de la actividad o crisis hipomotoras, y no se observan automatismos prominentes. En niños con epilepsias focales, a menudo existe una superposición de signos focales y generalizados, tanto clínicos como en el EEG. Las MPNE pueden corresponder a trastornos benignos y transitorios o ser síntomas episódicos de diferentes trastornos neurológicos o psicopatológicos. A menudo, las MPNE se observan en niños con retraso mental, afectación neurológica o trastornos del espectro autista, que presentan crisis epilépticas y anomalías epileptiformes en el EEG basal, y es entonces necesario determinar los episodios que corresponden a crisis epilépticas y los que no. Las MPNE que con mayor frecuencia se registran en el video-EEG en lactantes y niños en edad preescolar son las contracciones motoras bruscas inesperadas (‘espasmos’), los ensimismamientos, las estereotipias motoras y los trastornos paroxísticos del sueño (AU)


Summary. The main usefulness of video electroencephalographic (video-EEG) monitoring lies in the fact that it allows proper classification of the type of epileptic seizure and epileptic syndrome, identification of minor seizures, location of the epileptogenic zone and differentiation between epileptic seizures and non-epileptic paroxysmal manifestations (NEPM). In infants and pre-school age children, the clinical signs with which epileptic seizures are expressed differ to those of older children, seizures with bilateral motor signs such as epileptic spasms, tonic and myoclonic seizures predominate, and seizures with interruption of activity or hypomotor seizures, and no prominent automatisms are observed. In children with focal epilepsies, focal and generalised signs are often superposed, both clinically and in the EEG. NEPM may be benign transitory disorders or they can be episodic symptoms of different neurological or psychopathological disorders. NEPM are often observed in children with mental retardation, neurological compromise or autism spectrum disorders, who present epileptic seizures and epileptiform abnormalities in the baseline EEG. It then becomes necessary to determine which episodes correspond to epileptic seizures and which do not. The NEPM that are most frequently registered in the video-EEG in infants and pre-school age children are unexpected sudden motor contractions (‘spasms’), introspective tendencies, motor stereotypic movements and paroxysmal sleep disorders (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Electroencephalography , Seizures/diagnosis , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Functional Neuroimaging
10.
Rev Neurol ; 54(1): 17-23, 2012 Jan 01.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22187208

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Some papers published in the literature have shown that patients can present behavioural disorders and learning difficulties in benign childhood epilepsies (BCE). AIMS: To review the patients diagnosed with BCE in our hospital and to determine whether they present such disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study consisted in a retrospective review of the medical records of patients diagnosed with BCE. An electroencephalogram (EEG) or video-EEG-polygraph recordings were performed on all patients during sleep. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children was used to evaluate intelligence. RESULTS: Data were collected for 102 patients diagnosed with BCE. Dispersed attention was observed in 51.6% of the patients with rolandic epilepsy and 16.2% displayed an impulsive temperament. In the group of patients with Panayiotopoulos syndrome, 30.3% displayed dispersed attention and 27.3% presented an impulsive temperament. A psychometric evaluation was carried out in 43 patients. The overall mean intelligence quotient was 95 (range: 55-126). In the three groups, academic achievement was good in approximately half the sample, regular in about 30% and poor in around 15%. In the group with rolandic epilepsy, the EEG showed a relation between frontal (p = 0.039) and occipital paroxysms (p = 0.004) and poorer academic achievement. In this group, the children with behaviours classed as dispersed, impulsive or hyperactive showed left-side paroxysms more frequently (p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: BCE are conditions with a good prognosis, but seem to be associated to learning and behavioural disorders. Neuropsychological studies should be conducted on these patients to detect these disorders.


Subject(s)
Child Behavior Disorders/etiology , Epilepsy, Rolandic/complications , Epilepsy, Rolandic/physiopathology , Learning Disabilities/etiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Electroencephalography , Epilepsy, Rolandic/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Intelligence , Male , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Syndrome , Wechsler Scales
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