Unusual Near-Horizon Cosmic-Ray-like Events Observed by ANITA-IV.

ANITA's fourth long-duration balloon flight in 2016 detected 29 cosmic-ray (CR)-like events on a background of 0.37_{-0.17}^{+0.27} anthropogenic events. CRs are mainly seen in reflection off the Antarctic ice sheets, creating a phase-inverted waveform polarity. However, four of the below-horizon CR-like events show anomalous noninverted polarity, a p=5.3×10^{-4} chance if due to background. All anomalous events are from locations near the horizon; ANITA-IV observed no steeply upcoming anomalous events similar to the two such events seen in prior flights.

Observation of an Unusual Upward-Going Cosmic-Ray-like Event in the Third Flight of ANITA.

We report on an upward traveling, radio-detected cosmic-ray-like impulsive event with characteristics closely matching an extensive air shower. This event, observed in the third flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload, is consistent with a similar event reported in a previous flight. These events could be produced by the atmospheric decay of an upward-propagating τ lepton produced by a ν_{τ} interaction, although their relatively steep arrival angles create tension with the standard model neutrino cross section. Each of the two events have a posteriori background estimates of ≲10^{-2} events. If these are generated by τ-lepton decay, then either the charged-current ν_{τ} cross section is suppressed at EeV energies, or the events arise at moments when the peak flux of a transient neutrino source was much larger than the typical expected cosmogenic background neutrinos.

Effectiveness of Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin in Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) therapy has been shown to be beneficial in lung transplant recipients as induction therapy for treating acute lung rejection; however, its role in chronic lung rejection has been reported only rarely. We evaluated the effectiveness of rATG therapy in slowing the progression of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) syndrome. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 25 lung transplant patients with CLAD who received rATG therapy in the Pulmonary Institute of Rabin Medical Center, Israel, between May 2005 and February 2016. Response to treatment was divided into 2 categories: stabilization, defined as a halting of the decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) for ≥6 months after rATG therapy, and deterioration, defined as showing a continued decline in FEV1. RESULTS: Of 25 subjects, 8 (32%) were categorized as part of the stabilization group and 17 (68%) were categorized as showing continued deterioration. The stabilization group was older (61 ± 8 vs 44 ± 19 years) and showed longer survival rate after rATG therapy (930 ± 385 vs 414 ± 277 days). The stabilization group also demonstrated a lower mean white blood cell count (7.9 ± 1.8 vs 8.5 ± 2.9 × 10(9) cells/L) and lymphocyte count (0.37 ± 0.1 vs 0.55 ± 0.3 × 10(9) cells/L) during rATG treatment. The stabilization group also demonstrated a higher FEV1 after lung transplantation (91% ± 21% vs 75% ± 15.4%), at the beginning of rATG therapy (51% ± 11% vs 39% ± 9.6%) and at 6 months after rATG therapy follow-up (51% ± 9.1% vs 28% ± 7.6%). CONCLUSIONS: rATG was effective in stabilizing rejection progression in approximately one-third of our patients with CLAD. rATG therapy should be considered early in the course of CLAD. Randomized, controlled studies should be considered to confirm these findings.

Characteristics of Four Upward-Pointing Cosmic-Ray-like Events Observed with ANITA.

We report on four radio-detected cosmic-ray (CR) or CR-like events observed with the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload. Two of the four were previously identified as stratospheric CR air showers during the ANITA-I flight. A third stratospheric CR was detected during the ANITA-II flight. Here, we report on characteristics of these three unusual CR events, which develop nearly horizontally, 20-30 km above the surface of Earth. In addition, we report on a fourth steeply upward-pointing ANITA-I CR-like radio event which has characteristics consistent with a primary that emerged from the surface of the ice. This suggests a possible τ-lepton decay as the origin of this event, but such an interpretation would require significant suppression of the standard model τ-neutrino cross section.

Lobar distribution in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis predicts bacteriologic pathogen treatment.

Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFBr) is a major cause of morbidity due to frequent infectious exacerbations. We analyzed the influence of patient age and bronchiectasis location on the bacterial profile of patients with NCFBr. This retrospective cohort study included 339 subjects diagnosed with an infectious exacerbation of NCFBr during the 9-year period between January 2006 and December 2014. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cultures and high-resolution computed tomography scans (HRCT) were utilized to characterize the location of the bronchiectasis and bacteriologic pathogenic profile. In univariate logistic regression, the frequency of Haemophilus influenzae was higher in patients aged ≤64 years (OR = 0.969, p < 0.0001, 95 % CI 0.954-0.983), whereas the frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OR = 1.027, p = 0.008, 95 % CI 1.007-1.048) and Enterobacteriaceae (OR = 1.039, p = 0.01, 95 % CI 1.009-1.069) were significantly higher in patients aged >64 years. The lobar distribution of bronchiectasis in the subjects was 25.9 % in the right middle lobe (RML), 20.7 % in the right lower lobe (RLL), 20.4 % in the left lower lobe (LLL), 13.8 % in the lingula, 13 % in the right upper lobe (RUL), and 6.2 % in the left upper lobe (LUL). In the lower lobes, H. influenzae was the dominant species isolated, whereas in the RUL it was P. aeruginosa and in the LUL it was non- tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM). H. influenzae was more prevalent in younger patients, whereas P. aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae and NTM predominated in older patients. Different pathogens were associated with different lobar distributions. The RML, RLL and LLL showed a greater tendency to develop bronchiectasis than other lobes.

Surgical treatment for combined hemifacial spasm and atypical trigeminal neuralgia caused by a tortuous basilar artery. Case report and review of the literature.

Simultaneous hemifacial spasm (HFS) and trigeminal neuralgia caused by cranial nerve (CN) compression from a tortuous basilar artery (BA) is very rare. We report a case of a 66-year-old man who presented with both HFS and "atypical" trigeminal neuralgia. The patient had a tortuous BA compressing both CN V and VII. The patient underwent microvascular decompression after failing conservative medical management. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of both HFS and "atypical" trigeminal neuralgia that were both successfully treated by surgical intervention. We report the management of this rare combination and review the literature.

Does side matter? Effect of single lung transplant laterality on outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Previous works have suggested that recipients of left single lung transplant (SLT) have a worse outcome than those receiving right SLT. We evaluated the effect of SLT laterality on outcomes. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of SLT recipients followed up at our center. One hundred and nineteen patients were reviewed (53 left SLT, 66 right SLT). We extracted data on lung function, exercise capacity, relative graft perfusion, airway complications, acute rejection episodes, infections and mortality. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between right and left lung recipients with regard to baseline demographic and physiological characteristics. Lung function, exercise capacity and relative graft perfusion improved in both groups following transplantation. We observed a higher graft perfusion in right-sided grafts compared to left ( P = 0.048). There was no significant difference between the two groups in physiological outcomes, rejection or infection episodes, the presence of chronic rejection or mortality. We observed a statistically higher need for bronchial stent insertion during early follow-up amongst the left lung recipients ( P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Both right and left lungs are equally suitable for transplantation. The left-sided bronchial anastomosis may be more vulnerable to complications.

Multiple myeloma presenting as solitary mass in the posterior fossa.

Intracranial plasma cell tumors are extremely rare and can either be solitary lesions or part of systemic multiple myeloma. We report a 42-year-old woman who presented with a posterior fossa mass and successfully underwent surgical resection, leading to the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of multiple myeloma presenting as a posterior fossa mass lesion. This report highlights the importance of maintaining plasma cell tumor in the differential of intracranial mass with bony involvement. Furthermore, once the diagnosis is established, further work up is critical to evaluate for systemic disease.

Ewing sarcoma mimicking a peripheral nerve sheath tumor.

We describe the first patient with an extradural, extramedullary Ewing's sarcoma tumor mimicking a nerve sheath tumor with no overt evidence of metastasis. A 28-year-old woman with no past medical history presented with a progressive 3-year history of low back pain and right-sided lower extremity radiculopathy after having failed conservative therapies. MRI of the lumbar spine revealed a right-sided enhancing, dumbbell-shaped lesion at the right neural foramen appearing to originate from the L4 nerve root, suspicious for a peripheral nerve sheath tumor or schwannoma. The patient and findings are discussed in the context of the literature, including an update on the relatively recent diagnostic redesignation of the Ewing's sarcoma family tumors.

Evidence for a three-nucleon-force effect in proton-deuteron elastic scattering.

Developments in spin-polarized internal targets for storage rings have permitted measurements of 197 MeV polarized protons scattering from vector polarized deuterons. This work presents measurements of the polarization observables A(y), iT11, and C(y,y) in proton-deuteron elastic scattering. When compared to calculations with and without three-nucleon forces, the measurements provide further evidence that three-nucleon forces make a contribution to the observables. This work indicates that three-body forces derived from static nuclear properties appear to be crucial to the description of dynamical properties.