ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To examine the child protection process in cases of severe physical abuse, to compare characteristics of the families with risk factors previously reported in the published literature, and to develop recommendations about the use of mental health professionals in such cases. METHOD: Reviewers examined 30 case records of severely physically abused children under age 5, nominated by child protection workers and mental health providers. The reviewers recorded demographic, clinical, and case process information such as mental health and other referrals, reunification status, and frequency of criminal prosecution. A case study was described. RESULTS: The parents displayed a range of psychological characteristics (e.g., depression, anxiety, personality disorders) and life problems (e.g., domestic violence, substance abuse, abused as child). The majority of parents denied the abuse. The children were very young (more than half under 6 months old) and many had difficult births or medical problems prior to the abuse. The most common services offered were individual psychotherapy and parenting classes. More than half of the children reunified with at least one parent within I year. Forty percent of the cases involved criminal prosecution. CONCLUSIONS: Reunification occurred more quickly and more often than expected based on the severity of the injuries. The system often relies on psychotherapy to correct the abusive behavior, even when the perpetrator remains unknown and specific risks such as substance abuse or domestic violence are present. The authors advise utilizing multidisciplinary teams for recommendations regarding reunification.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse , Child Welfare , Social Work , Adolescent , Adult , Child Abuse/legislation & jurisprudence , Child Abuse/psychology , Child Abuse/therapy , Child, Preschool , Denial, Psychological , Domestic Violence , Family Relations , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Parent-Child Relations , Psychotherapy , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The analytical validation of multiple lots of the PRO-Trac II ELISA (DiaSorin) for the determination of tacrolimus in whole blood is described. METHODS: The analytical parameters assessed included analytical sensitivity, dilution linearity, functional sensitivity, values in samples containing no tacrolimus, intra- and interassay precision, supplementation and recovery, metabolite cross-reactivity, interference studies, and method comparisons HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) and the IMx Tacrolimus II multiparticle enzyme immunoassay. Where appropriate, assessments were performed according to NCCLS guidelines. RESULTS: The mean analytical detection limit was <0.25 microg/L for all lots, whereas the functional sensitivity was 1.0 microg/L. Excellent linear correlation (r = 0.985) was observed for dilution linearity. The intraassay imprecision was <7%, and the total imprecision by ANOVA was <10%. Recovery was 109% +/- 11%. Metabolite cross-reactivity was consistent with previous reports for this antibody. No interference was observed for 35 tested drugs. Method comparison with HPLC/MS/MS showed no statistically significant differences. Samples exhibited stability through four freeze/thaw cycles and for 1 week at room temperature. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that the PRO-Trac II ELISA is a robust, accurate, and precise tool for the assessment and management of tacrolimus blood concentrations in transplant patients.
