Evolution of methods to detect paraneoplastic antibodies.

An adaptive immune response in less than 1% of people who develop cancer produces antibodies against neuronal proteins. These antibodies can be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes, and their accurate detection should instigate a search for a specific cancer. Over the years, multiple systems, from indirect immunofluorescence to live cell-based assays, have been developed to identify these antibodies. As the specific antigens were identified, high throughput, multi-antigen substrates such as line blots and ELISAs were developed for clinical laboratories. However, the evolution of assays required to identify antibodies to membrane targets has shone a light on the importance of antigen conformation for antibody detection. This chapter discusses the early antibody assays used to detect antibodies to nuclear and cytosolic targets and how new approaches are required to detect antibodies to membrane targets. The chapter presents recent data that support international recommendations against the sole use of line blots for antibody detection and highlights a new antigen-specific approach that appears promising for the detection of submembrane targets.

Ultrahigh frequencies of peripherally matured LGI1- and CASPR2-reactive B cells characterize the cerebrospinal fluid in autoimmune encephalitis.

Intrathecal synthesis of central nervous system (CNS)-reactive autoantibodies is observed across patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE), who show multiple residual neurobehavioral deficits and relapses despite immunotherapies. We leveraged two common forms of AE, mediated by leucine-rich glioma inactivated-1 (LGI1) and contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibodies, as human models to comprehensively reconstruct and profile cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) B cell receptor (BCR) characteristics. We hypothesized that the resultant observations would both inform the observed therapeutic gap and determine the contribution of intrathecal maturation to pathogenic B cell lineages. From the CSF of three patients, 381 cognate-paired IgG BCRs were isolated by cell sorting and scRNA-seq, and 166 expressed as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Sixty-two percent of mAbs from singleton BCRs reacted with either LGI1 or CASPR2 and, strikingly, this rose to 100% of cells in clonal groups with ≥4 members. These autoantigen-reactivities were more concentrated within antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) versus B cells (P < 0.0001), and both these cell types were more differentiated than LGI1- and CASPR2-unreactive counterparts. Despite greater differentiation, autoantigen-reactive cells had acquired few mutations intrathecally and showed minimal variation in autoantigen affinities within clonal expansions. Also, limited CSF T cell receptor clonality was observed. In contrast, a comparison of germline-encoded BCRs versus the founder intrathecal clone revealed marked gains in both affinity and mutational distances (P = 0.004 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Taken together, in patients with LGI1 and CASPR2 antibody encephalitis, our results identify CSF as a compartment with a remarkably high frequency of clonally expanded autoantigen-reactive ASCs whose BCR maturity appears dominantly acquired outside the CNS.

Para-infectious brain injury in COVID-19 persists at follow-up despite attenuated cytokine and autoantibody responses.

To understand neurological complications of COVID-19 better both acutely and for recovery, we measured markers of brain injury, inflammatory mediators, and autoantibodies in 203 hospitalised participants; 111 with acute sera (1-11 days post-admission) and 92 convalescent sera (56 with COVID-19-associated neurological diagnoses). Here we show that compared to 60 uninfected controls, tTau, GFAP, NfL, and UCH-L1 are increased with COVID-19 infection at acute timepoints and NfL and GFAP are significantly higher in participants with neurological complications. Inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12p40, HGF, M-CSF, CCL2, and IL-1RA) are associated with both altered consciousness and markers of brain injury. Autoantibodies are more common in COVID-19 than controls and some (including against MYL7, UCH-L1, and GRIN3B) are more frequent with altered consciousness. Additionally, convalescent participants with neurological complications show elevated GFAP and NfL, unrelated to attenuated systemic inflammatory mediators and to autoantibody responses. Overall, neurological complications of COVID-19 are associated with evidence of neuroglial injury in both acute and late disease and these correlate with dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses acutely.

Robotic lateral oropharyngectomy following diagnostic tonsillectomy is oncologically safe in patients with human papillomavirus-related squamous cell cancer: Long-term results.

INTRODUCTION: To report the long-term oncological and functional outcomes of en bloc TORS lateral oropharyngectomy to address the close/involved margin following diagnostic tonsillectomy in HPV-related SCC of unknown primary. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A single tertiary center observational cohort over a 4-year period. Primary outcome measures were disease-specific survival (DSS), overall survival (OS), and PSS NOD (Performance Status Scale-Normalcy of Diet) scores. RESULTS: TORS specimens did not evidence residual carcinoma in 93% of patients. Of 14 patients, 50% received surgery alone (median follow-up 57 months; range 46-96), the remainder surgery and adjuvant therapy (median follow-up of 58 months; range 51-69) with 100% DSS, OS and no deterioration of PSS NOD scores. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term oncological outcomes confirm TORS lateral oropharyngectomy alone is an oncologically safe treatment. Due consideration of this approach is warranted to mitigate against the morbidity of adjuvant radiotherapy treatment in this group of patients.

Quantifying the health needs of migrants in vulnerable circumstances registered with a nurse-led primary care service.

Background: As of the end of 2019, at least 79.5 million people worldwide have been forced to flee their homes. Those seeking asylum face adversity before, during and after arrival in the UK, resulting in complex health and social needs. The study setting was a nurse-led asylum seeker service in a dispersal city, commissioned to provide an initial health assessment, immunisations and support to register with a general practitioner. Aims: The aim was to quantify the health needs of migrants in vulnerable circumstances registered with a nurse-led primary care service by clinical audit. Methods: In June 2018, 80 electronic records were reviewed by seven auditors to analyse documentation of demographics, asylum status, service use, barriers to care, physical and mental health. Results: Where data were available, 86% migrated due to persecution or trafficking, 59% had a chronic physical illness, 51% had a mental health condition and 49% experienced barriers to accessing a mainstream general practitioner. Conclusions: Although a small sample, this survey demonstrated high physical and mental health needs that are often unmet in mainstream services. There was a high level of unknown need, for example of torture rates. These findings informed quality improvement in documentation and health assessments, and further research.

Transoral robotic surgery and neck dissection alone for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Influence of resection margins on oncological outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: This study reports oncological outcomes of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) and neck dissection (ND) alone for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and aims to analyse the influence of resection margins on local recurrence rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-one patients treated with curative intent for HNSCC, with TORS and ND alone between 2013 and 2019 at two tertiary centres were included in this observational multi-centre prospective cohort study. Oncological outcomes are reported on 47 patients for whom the aim was to treat with TORS and ND alone; this excluded four patients who were recommended adjuvant radiotherapy based on resective pathology but did not receive treatment. Local control is the primary endpoint; disease specific, progression free and overall survival are secondary outcomes. RESULTS: With a median follow up of 43 months, estimated outcomes at 3 years (n = 47) were as follows: local control 92%, progression free survival 80%, disease specific survival 94%, and overall survival 84%. Presence of a positive margin on the main specimen was the only statistically significant predictor of local recurrence on univariate Cox regression analysis. Time dependent receiver operating characteristic curve identified margins of 1.1 mm as a threshold for local control, with area under the curve 0.788 (95% CI 0.616-0.960), indicating a good classifier. CONCLUSION: This is the first UK surgery alone series reporting mature oncological outcomes following TORS and ND. Positive margins on the resected specimen are the strongest predictor of local recurrence, with conventional definitions of "close margins" having no impact.

Association of Marital Status in the Testing and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Emergency Department.

Introduction Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are frequently tested for and treated in the emergency department (ED). Age, race, and number of sexual partners are known risk factors for STIs. The objective of the current study was to examine marital status as it relates to testing and treating for STIs in the ED. Methods A database of 75,000 ED patient encounters from a single healthcare system in northeast Ohio between April 18, 2014, and March 7, 2017, was examined. All patients in the dataset underwent a urinalysis and urine culture or received STI testing in the ED. We performed Chi-square and multivariable regression analysis to examine the relationships between the patient's marital status and testing and treatment for STIs performed in the ED. Results There were 20,965 patient encounters where STI testing was performed and was analyzed. Patients were 9.1% (N=1,912) married, 86.6% (N=18,149) single, 4.0% (N=837) were neither married nor single, and 0.3% (N=67) with an unknown marital status. There were 7.1% (19/267) and 4.9% (12/267) of tested married men who were infected with gonorrhea and chlamydia, respectively, whereas only 0.4% (6/1,583) and 2.2% (35/1,588) of tested married women were infected with gonorrhea and chlamydia, respectively. Single men and women were both significantly more likely to have a positive test for gonorrhea and chlamydia compared to married men and women, respectively (P<0.001). Married men and women, compared to single men and women, respectively, were more likely to be given antibiotics for gonorrhea and chlamydia in the ED when the infection was present and not be given antibiotics for the infections when testing was negative (P<0.001). Single women (9.1%; 1,291/14,258) were more likely than married women (4.9%; 75/1,534) to have a positive test for trichomonas, but there were no significant differences between married (1.0%; 1/100) and single men (0.7%; 6/893). Conclusion Even when accounting for age and race, marital status can help predict infection with gonorrhea and chlamydia in the ED. The marital status could be considered by clinicians when risk stratifying patients regarding testing and treating for the diseases in the ED. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are much more common in single men and women and much less common in married persons. However, married men tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia were more than twice as likely to test positive for infection than married women. Married men and women were both more likely to be appropriately treated with antibiotics for gonorrhea and chlamydia in the ED (i.e., testing negative for infection and not receiving antibiotics or testing positive and receiving antibiotics) compared to non-married men and women. While trichomonas was more common in single women than married women, the infection was less common in men, and both married men and single men had similar rates of testing positive for the infection.

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Autoimmune Disorders.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players in autoimmune diseases, both in disease pathogenesis and as potential treatments. EVs can transport autoimmune triggers throughout the body, facilitating the process of antigen presentation. Understanding the link between cellular stress and EV biogenesis and intercellular trafficking will advance our understanding of autoimmune diseases. In addition, EVs can also be effective treatments for autoimmune diseases. The diversity of cell types that produce EVs leads to a wide range of molecules to be present in EVs, and thus EVs have a wide range of physiological effects. EVs derived from dendritic cells or mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to reduce inflammation. Since many autoimmune treatments are focused only on symptom management, EVs present a promising avenue for potential treatments. This review looks at the different roles EVs can play in autoimmune diseases, from disease pathology to diagnosis and treatment. We also overview various methodologies in isolating or generating EVs and look to the future for possible applications of EVs in autoimmune diseases.

Primary transoral robotic surgery +/- adjuvant therapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma-A large observational single-centre series from the United Kingdom.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the oncological outcomes following primary Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). DESIGN: Observational case series. SETTING: Tertiary centre; first TORS practice to commence in the UK. PARTICIPANTS: All consecutive patients undergoing primary TORS with curative intent, with or without adjuvant treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Descriptive analysis of patient and tumour pathology variables. Survival outcomes: Overall, Disease-Specific, Progression-Free and Locoregional control. RESULTS: The cohort comprised of 120 patients undergoing TORS with minimum 12-month follow-up data and the following characteristics: mean age 58 years, 91 males (76%), 78 tonsil (65%) and 34 base of tongue primaries (28%), 89% HPV-related OPSCC. The surgical pathology revealed 14 (12%) with positive margins, 19 (16%) had close margins <2mm and 31% with extranodal extension. The treatment was as follows: 39 (33%) treated with TORS alone, 50 (42%) received adjuvant radiotherapy and 31 (26%) received adjuvant radiotherapy with chemotherapy. There were 15 recurrences. Estimated survival for all patients at 3 years (95% CI): overall 85% (78-92), disease-specific 90% (85-96), progression-free 86% (79-92) and locoregional control 90% (84-96). The equivalent survival figures for the HPV-related cases alone were as follows: overall 88% (82-94), disease-specific 93% (87-98), progression-free 88% (81-95) and locoregional control 92% (87-98). CONCLUSIONS: Whilst TORS has become a common practice in the management of OPSCC in the UK, these are the first reported oncological outcomes. For selected patients, TORS with or without adjuvant therapy is an appropriate treatment modality.

Misplaced tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis: A case of foreign body aspiration.

Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a rare, but potentially fatal condition frequently seen in the emergency department. Bronchoscopy plays a major role in its diagnosis and treatment. In patients with laryngectomy, the strategies for airway maintenance and foreign body retrieval are limited. We describe management of a patient with laryngectomy presenting with aspiration of a tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis (TEP). The TEP was not initially seen in chest radiography; however, computed tomography showed it within the right lower bronchus. Successful extraction of the TEP was achieved through bronchoscopy with forceps and retrieval basket. Otolaryngology placed a larger TEP and secured it with sutures. TEP migration is rare, but represents a risk for FBA. Initial imaging in the emergency department can be misleading, requiring a high degree of suspicion, as the TEP device may not be seen in standard chest radiography. Flexible bronchoscopy under moderate sedation in conjunction with forceps and retrieval basket may be appropriate for treatment of FBA in patients with laryngectomy and can be performed in the emergency department, preventing hospital admission.

Allocation of Scarce Resources in a Pandemic: A Systematic Review of US State Crisis Standards of Care Documents.

The aim of this systematic review was to locate and analyze United States state crisis standards of care (CSC) documents to determine their prevalence and quality. Following PRISMA guidelines, Google search for "allocation of scarce resources" and "crisis standards of care (CSC)" for each state. We analyzed the plans based on the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, which provided guidance for establishing CSC for use in disaster situations, as well as the 2014 CHEST consensus statement's 11 core topic areas. The search yielded 42 state documents, and we excluded 11 that were not CSC plans. Of the 31 included plans, 13 plans were written for an "all hazards" approach, while 18 were pandemic influenza specific. Eighteen had strong ethical grounding. Twenty-one plans had integrated and ongoing community and provider engagement, education, and communication. Twenty-two had assurances regarding legal authority and environment. Sixteen plans had clear indicators, triggers, and lines of responsibility. Finally, 28 had evidence-based clinical processes and operations. Five plans contained all 5 IOM elements: Arizona, Colorado, Minnesota, Nevada, and Vermont. Colorado and Minnesota have all hazards documents and processes for both adult and pediatric populations and could be considered exemplars for other states.

Patient Loss to Follow-up After Upper Extremity Surgery: A Review of 2563 Cases.

Background: Postoperative care is essential to optimizing patient outcome. We sought to determine the incidence and associated demographic and surgical factors of postoperative patient loss to follow-up following hand and upper extremity surgery. Methods: In all, 2834 surgical cases (2467 patients) were retrospectively reviewed. All surgical cases from July 2014 to June 2015 at a single practice with five surgeons were assessed. Charts were reviewed for compliance with postoperative follow-up. Variables were described with proportions and compared using logistic regression analysis. Results: In total, 2563 cases (2388 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Overall loss to follow-up rate was 26%. Patients lost to follow-up based on insurance type were 13% for worker's compensation, 22% for private insurance, 21% for Medicare, 38% for Medicaid, and 44% for self-pay. Patients with expected short-term follow-up were lost at a 23% rate. Expected mid- and long-term follow-up patients were lost at 34% and 20% rates, respectively. Patients below 30 years old were lost to follow-up at a 42% rate compared to patients 30 to 64 years old (26%) and greater than or equal to 65 years (13%). Males had a higher rate of loss to follow-up, 32%, compared with females (22%). Patients living greater than 50 miles from our surgery center were lost to follow-up at a rate of 31%, compared with those who lived less than 50 miles (25%). Conclusions: We have identified demographic variables associated with patients being lost to follow-up after hand and upper extremity surgery. With this knowledge, we hope to develop methods of either improving in-office follow-up rates or discover new avenues to deliver postoperative care.