Art for public engagement on emerging and controversial technologies: A literature review.

Art is increasingly used to engage publics on emerging and controversial technologies, but we still know little about what works in art-based engagement and why. To investigate what art can do for public engagement, we systematically reviewed academic work published from 2000 to 2018 about the effect of art on organized public engagement. We used the dimensions of Responsible Research and Innovation as an analytical framework to identify what outcomes are achieved and what processes contribute to those outcomes. The 30 included studies showed that art mainly supported engagement by (1) reaching wider audiences, (2) fueling individual reflection, and (3) making visible how technologies come into being and interact with the world. With due consideration of the risks of instrumentalization, future research should empirically and reflexively investigate the outcomes and methodologies of art-based engagement, especially concerning collective reflection and change.

Developing a Quality Standard for Verbal Communication During CABG Procedures.

Verbal communication during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures is essential for safe and efficient cardiac surgery, yet sensitive to failure due to a current lack of standardization. The goal of this study was to improve communication during CABG by identifying critical items in verbal interaction between surgeons, anesthetists, and perfusionists. Based on 6 video recordings, a list was assembled containing items of communication in CABG procedures. Personal interviews and a consecutive focus group meeting with surgeons, anesthetists, and perfusionists revealed which of these items were considered critical. Afterward, the recordings were systematically analyzed on the communication of these critical items. Practitioners considered 64 items to be critical to verbally communicate for safe CABG surgery. On average, these critical items were verbalized in 4.4 out of 6 recorded CABGs. Observations also show that the surgical subteam is the most verbally active subteam and the initiator of the majority of all exchanges. The exchange type involved was mainly "direction" and "status." The majority of communication during critical events is between 2 subteams and occurs in the form of call-back loops. Over half of the call-backs are substantive and communication is rarely directed at a specific team member by name. In this study, a list was developed containing 64 items that practitioners unanimously considered critical to verbalize during a CABG procedure. It forms the foundation of a quality standard for verbal communication during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and can increase safety and efficiency of cardiac surgery.