ABSTRACT
Clinical development of γ-secretases, a family of intramembrane cleaving proteases, as therapeutic targets for a variety of disorders including cancer and Alzheimer's disease was aborted because of serious mechanism-based side effects in the phase III trials of unselective inhibitors. Selective inhibition of specific γ-secretase complexes, containing either PSEN1 or PSEN2 as the catalytic subunit and APH1A or APH1B as supporting subunits, does provide a feasible therapeutic window in preclinical models of these disorders. We explore here the pharmacophoric features required for PSEN1 versus PSEN2 selective inhibition. We synthesized a series of brain penetrant 2-azabicyclo[2,2,2]octane sulfonamides and identified a compound with low nanomolar potency and high selectivity (>250-fold) toward the PSEN1-APH1B subcomplex versus PSEN2 subcomplexes. We used modeling and site-directed mutagenesis to identify critical amino acids along the entry part of this inhibitor into the catalytic site of PSEN1. Specific targeting one of the different γ-secretase complexes might provide safer drugs in the future.
Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases , Multiprotein Complexes , Presenilin-1 , Sulfonamides , Humans , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Alzheimer Disease/enzymology , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Presenilin-1/antagonists & inhibitors , Presenilin-1/metabolism , Multiprotein Complexes/antagonists & inhibitors , Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Substrate Specificity , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neoplasms/enzymology , Neoplasms/metabolismABSTRACT
We designed and synthesized a new series of fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibitors with potential utility for the treatment of cancer. Extensive SAR studies led to highly active FASN inhibitors with good cellular activity and oral bioavailability, exemplified by compound 34. Compound 34 is a potent inhibitor of human FASN (IC50â¯=â¯28â¯nM) that effectively inhibits proliferation of A2780 ovarian cells (IC50â¯=â¯13â¯nM) in lipid-reduced serum (LRS). This cellular activity can be rescued by addition of palmitate, consistent with an on-target effect. Compound 34 is also active in many other cell types, including PC3M (IC50â¯=â¯25â¯nM) and LnCaP-Vancouver prostate cells (IC50â¯=â¯66â¯nM), and is highly bioavailable (F 61%) with good exposure after oral administration. In a pharmacodynamics study in H460 lung xenograft-bearing mice, oral treatment with compound 34 results in elevated tumor levels of malonyl-CoA and decreased tumor levels of palmitate, fully consistent with the desired target engagement.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Drug Design , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I/metabolism , Humans , Imidazoles/administration & dosage , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , Mice , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy , Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A novel series of benzimidazole CB2-receptor agonists was synthesized and the structure-activity relationship explored. The results showed agonistic activities with an EC(50) up to 0.5 nM and excellent selectivity (>4000-fold) over the CB1 receptor. The size of the substituent on the 2-position determined the level of agonism, ranging from inverse agonism to partial agonism to full agonism, which was more pronounced for the rat CB2 receptor. A wide variation of sulfonyl substituents at the benzimidazole 5-position was tolerated, which was used to optimize the drug-like properties. This resulted into lead compound 14j that can be used to investigate the potential of a selective, peripherically acting CB2 agonist. The in vitro profile of key compounds is displayed using pie bar charts (VlaaiVis).
