Characteristics of individuals with moderate to severe asthma who better respond to aerobic training: a cluster analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics of individuals with asthma who are responsive to aerobic training. METHODS: This post hoc analysis of pooled data from previous randomized controlled trials involved 101 individuals with moderate to severe asthma who underwent aerobic training. Participants underwent a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test and completed the Asthma Control Questionnaire and the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire before and after a 24-session aerobic training program. Better and worse responders to aerobic training were identified by cluster analysis. RESULTS: Two clusters were identified according to the improvement in peak VO2 after aerobic training (better and worse responders). Characteristics of the better responder group were being older, being female, having higher BMI, and having higher cardiac reserve at baseline when compared with the worse responder group. Also, better responders had worse clinical control, worse quality of life, and lower physical capacity at baseline. After training, worse responders, in comparison with better responders, showed half the improvement in Δpeak VO2 (7.4% vs. 13.6%; 95% CI, -12.1 to -0.92%; p < 0.05) and worse asthma control. A weak, negative, but significant association (r = -0.35; p < 0.05) was observed between clinical control and aerobic fitness only in the better responder group. Both groups showed significant improvement in quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Obese individuals with worse exercise capacity, clinical control, and quality of life showed improvement with aerobic training. Moreover, worse responders also improved with training, but to a lesser extent.

Characteristics of individuals with moderate to severe asthma who better respond to aerobic training: a cluster analysis / Características de indivíduos com asma moderada a grave que melhor respondem a treinamento aeróbio: análise de conglomerados

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the characteristics of individuals with asthma who are responsive to aerobic training. Methods: This post hoc analysis of pooled data from previous randomized controlled trials involved 101 individuals with moderate to severe asthma who underwent aerobic training. Participants underwent a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test and completed the Asthma Control Questionnaire and the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire before and after a 24-session aerobic training program. Better and worse responders to aerobic training were identified by cluster analysis. Results: Two clusters were identified according to the improvement in peak VO2 after aerobic training (better and worse responders). Characteristics of the better responder group were being older, being female, having higher BMI, and having higher cardiac reserve at baseline when compared with the worse responder group. Also, better responders had worse clinical control, worse quality of life, and lower physical capacity at baseline. After training, worse responders, in comparison with better responders, showed half the improvement in Δpeak VO2 (7.4% vs. 13.6%; 95% CI, −12.1 to −0.92%; p < 0.05) and worse asthma control. A weak, negative, but significant association (r = −0.35; p < 0.05) was observed between clinical control and aerobic fitness only in the better responder group. Both groups showed significant improvement in quality of life. Conclusions: Obese individuals with worse exercise capacity, clinical control, and quality of life showed improvement with aerobic training. Moreover, worse responders also improved with training, but to a lesser extent.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar as características de indivíduos com asma responsivos a treinamento aeróbio. Métodos: Esta análise post hoc de dados agrupados provenientes de ensaios clínicos controlados randomizados anteriores envolveu 101 indivíduos com asma moderada a grave submetidos a treinamento aeróbico. Os participantes foram submetidos a um teste de exercício cardiopulmonar máximo e responderam ao Asthma Control Questionnaire e ao Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire antes e depois de um programa de treinamento aeróbio de 24 sessões. Melhores e piores respondedores ao treinamento aeróbio foram identificados por análise de conglomerados. Resultados: Foram identificados dois conglomerados de acordo com a melhora do VO2 de pico após o treinamento aeróbio (melhores e piores respondedores). As características do grupo melhor respondedor foram maior idade, sexo feminino, IMC mais elevado e maior reserva cardíaca basal em comparação com o grupo pior respondedor. Os melhores respondedores também apresentavam pior controle clínico, pior qualidade de vida e menor capacidade física basal. Após o treinamento, os piores respondedores, em comparação com os melhores respondedores, apresentaram metade da melhora no ΔVO2 de pico (7,4% vs. 13,6%; IC95%: -12,1 a -0,92%; p < 0,05) e pior controle da asma. Observou-se uma associação negativa fraca, mas significativa (r = −0,35; p < 0,05) entre controle clínico e aptidão aeróbia apenas no grupo melhor respondedor. Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora significativa da qualidade de vida. Conclusões: Os indivíduos obesos com pior capacidade de exercício, controle clínico e qualidade de vida apresentaram melhora com o treinamento aeróbio. Além disso, os piores respondedores também melhoraram com o treinamento, mas em menor grau.

Seasonal changes influence the improvement in asthma symptoms by exercise training in subjects with asthma*.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether patients with moderate-to-severe asthma who commence an exercise training program in winter or summer show differences in exercise capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and asthma symptoms. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive subjects visiting the outpatient clinic were enrolled in the 17-week rehabilitation program. One group of patients received the intervention from summer to winter (SWG, n = 21), and the other group participated from winter to summer (WSG, n = 21). Before and after the exercise training program, all patients were evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise test, pulmonary function test, quality of life questionnaire and a daily diary that evaluated clinical asthma symptoms. RESULTS: After the training period, both groups improved similarly in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and aerobic capacity. The WSG patients had a greater increase that those in the SWG in asthma symptom-free days (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that seasonal variations affect the improvement in asthma symptoms after an exercise training program but have no effect on health-related quality of life, exercise capacity or pulmonary function.

Aerobic training decreases bronchial hyperresponsiveness and systemic inflammation in patients with moderate or severe asthma: a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of aerobic training for the main features of asthma, such as bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and inflammation, are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of aerobic training on BHR (primary outcome), serum inflammatory cytokines (secondary outcome), clinical control and asthma quality of life (Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ)) (tertiary outcomes). METHODS: Fifty-eight patients were randomly assigned to either the control group (CG) or the aerobic training group (TG). Patients in the CG (educational programme+breathing exercises (sham)) and the TG (same as the CG+aerobic training) were followed for 3 months. BHR, serum cytokine, clinical control, AQLQ, induced sputum and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were evaluated before and after the intervention. RESULTS: After 12 weeks, 43 patients (21 CG/22 TG) completed the study and were analysed. The TG improved in BHR by 1 doubling dose (dd) (95% CI 0.3 to 1.7 dd), and they experienced reduced interleukin 6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and improved AQLQ and asthma exacerbation (p<0.05). No effects were seen for IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, sputum cellularity, FeNO or Asthma Control Questionnaire 7 (ACQ-7; p>0.05). A within-group difference was found in the ACQ-6 for patients with non-well-controlled asthma and in sputum eosinophil and FeNO in patients in the TG who had worse airway inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic training reduced BHR and serum proinflammatory cytokines and improved quality of life and asthma exacerbation in patients with moderate or severe asthma. These results suggest that adding exercise as an adjunct therapy to pharmacological treatment could improve the main features of asthma. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02033122.

Efeito do treinamento físico aeróbio na hiperresponsividade brônquica e no processo inflamatório pulmonar de pacientes com asma moderada a grave / Effect of aerobic training on bronchial hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary inflammation in patients with moderate to severe asthma

Introdução: A asma é caracterizada por um processo inflamatório crônico que está associado ao desenvolvimento da hiperresponsividade brônquica (HRB). O exercício físico regular proporciona inúmeros benefícios aos pacientes com asma porém, os efeitos do treinamento físico na HRB permanecem pouco compreendidos. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do treinamento físico aeróbio na hiperresponsividade brônquica, inflamação pulmonar, controle clínico e fatores relacionados à qualidade de vida de pacientes adultos com asma persistente moderada a grave. Métodos: Cinquenta e oito adultos com asma moderada a grave foram divididos aleatoriamente, em dois grupos: Controle (GC, n=28) e Treinado (GT, n=30). Os pacientes do GC foram submetidos a um programa educacional e a um programa de exercícios respiratórios, enquanto os pacientes do GT foram submetidos a todos os procedimentos do GC e a um programa de condicionamento físico aeróbio. A hiperresponsividade brônquica foi avaliada através do teste de broncoprovocação inespecífica com histamina antes e após a intervenção. Nestas ocasiões, todos os pacientes também realizaram, análise do escarro induzido e da fração exalada de óxido nítrico, espirometria, teste ergoespirométrico e responderam aos questionários de controle clínico, fatores de saúde relacionados à qualidade de vida (FSRQV) e níveis de depressão. Além disso, foi coletada uma amostra do sangue venoso dos pacientes para quantificação do IgE total e de IgE específica. Resultados: Após três meses de intervenção, os pacientes do GT aumentaram 1 dupla dose de concentração (dd) (1 dd; 0,3-1,7 dd, 95% CI) (p < 0,05) enquanto o GC (0,06 dd; -0,6dd a 0,7 dd, 95% CI) não apresentou mudança significativa na hiperresponsividade brônquica. A inflamação pulmonar reduziu apenas nos pacientes do GT que apresentaram níveis elevados de eosinófilos (> 3%) e FeNO (> 26ppb) (p < 0,05). O condicionamento aeróbio melhorou os FSRQV, controle clínico da asma e níveis...

Introduction: Asthma is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process that is associated with the development of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). Regular exercise provides numerous benefits in patients with asthma; however, the effects of exercise training on BHR remain poorly understood. Objective: To evaluate the effect an aerobic training on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary inflammation, clinical control and health related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults patients with moderate to severe asthma. Methods: Fifty-eigth patients adults with moderate to severe asthma were randomly assigned into two groups: Control (CG, n = 28) and Trained (TG, n = 30).The GC patients undertake an educational program and performed breathing exercises, while the TG patients underwent the same procedures than CG plus an aerobic training program. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was assessed by nonspecific bronchial provocation test with histamine before and after the intervention. On these occasions, all patients also performed induced sputum analysis and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), spirometry, cardiopulmonary exercise testing and fulfilled questionnaires to evaluate clinical control test, HRQoL and depression levels. In addition, blood samples were collect in order to quantify total serum immunoglobulin (IgE) and specific IgE. Results: After 3 months of intervention, the TG increased 1 double dose of concentration (dd) (0.3 to 1.7 dd, 95% IC) and CG did not change significantly on bronchial hyperresponsiveness 0.06 dd (-0.6 to 0.7 dd, 95% IC) (p < 0.05).The pulmonary inflammation reduced only in the GT patients with high levels of eosinophils (> 3%) and FeNO (> 26ppb) (p < 0.05). Aerobic training also improved HRQoL, clinical control and depression levels (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that aerobic training...