Desenvolvimento emocional precoce e estados mentais primitivos: um breve panorama / Early emotional development and primitive mental states: a brief panorama / Desarrollo emocional precoz y estados mentales primitivos: un breve panorama

Este artigo tenta enfocar o desenvolvimento emocional precoce, tanto durante a gravidez quanto na prima infância, como relevante para entender os estados mentais primitivos encontrados no trabalho clínico. Os prismas escolhidos para entender as origens de nossa mente, nesta pesquisa, são o do pensamento psicanalítico, baseado na experiência clínica e na teorização dessa experiência; o das interpretações psicanalíticas de fetos e observações de bebês; e, finalmente, o dos estudos desenvolvimentais.

This article attempts to focus on early emotional development, during pregnancy as well as primary childhood, as a relevant factor in understanding primitive mental states found in psychoanalytic clinic. The prisms chosen for the understanding of the origins of our mind, in this research, are: the prism of psychoanalytic thinking, based on the clinical experience and the theorization of this experience; the prism of the psychoanalytic interpretations of fetuses and the observation of babies; and, finally, the prism of developmental studies.

Este artículo intenta centrarse en el desarrollo emocional precoz, tanto durante el embarazo como en la primera infancia, como relevante para entender los estados mentales primitivos encontrados en el trabajo clínico. Los prismas escogidos para entender los orígenes de nuestra mente, en esta investigación, son el del pensamiento psicoanalítico, basado en la experiencia clínica y en la teorización de esta experiencia; el de las interpretaciones psicoanalíticas de fetos y observaciones de bebes; y, finalmente, el de los estudios del desarrollo.

Sobre três formas de pensar: o pensamento mágico, o pensamento onírico e o pensamento transformativo / On three ways of thought: magical thinking, dream-like thinking and transformative thinking / Sobre tres formas de pensar: el pensamiento mágico, el pensamiento onírico y el pensamiento transformador

O autor acredita que a ênfase da psicanálise contemporânea mudou da compreensão do significado simbólico dos sonhos, do brincar, e das associações para o estudo dos processos de pensar, sonhar e brincar. Este artigo comenta a sua concepção de três formas de pensar - o pensamento mágico, o pensamento onírico e o pensamento transformativo - e fornece ilustrações clínicas em que cada uma dessas formas de pensar manifesta-se claramente. O autor vê o pensamento mágico como uma forma de pensar que subverte o pensamento genuíno e o crescimento psicológico, pois substitui uma realidade externa perturbadora por uma realidade psíquica inventada. Em contrapartida, o pensamento onírico - a nossa forma de pensar mais profunda - consiste em ver uma experiência emocional a partir de múltiplas perspectivas ao mesmo tempo, como, por exemplo, a dos processos primário e secundário de pensamento. O pensamento transformativo, por sua vez, cria um novo modo de ordenar as experiências que permite gerar tipos de sentimentos, formas de relações de objeto, e qualidade de ser na vida antes inimagináveis.

The author believes that contemporary psychoanalysis has shifted its emphasis from the understanding of the symbolic meaning of dreams, play and associations, to the study of the processes of thinking, dreaming, and playing. In this paper, he discusses his understanding of threeforms of thinking - magical thinking, dream-like thinking, and transformative thinking - and provides clinical illustrations in which each of these figures clearly. The author views magical thinking as a form that subverts genuine thinking and psychological growth by substituting a disturbing external reality with an invented psychic reality. By contrast, dream-like thinking - our most profound form - involves viewing an emotional experience from multiple perspectives simultaneously: for example, the perspectives of primary process and secondary process thinking. Transformative thinking, alternatively, creates a new way of ordering experience that allows one to generate types of feeling, forms of object relation, and characteristics of life that had previously been unimaginable.

El autor considera que el énfasis del psicoanálisis contemporáneo cambió de la comprensión del significado simbólico de los sueños, del juego, y de las asociaciones para el estudio de los procesos de pensar, soñar y jugar. Este artículo comenta su concepción de tres formas de pensar - el pensamiento mágico, el pensamiento onírico y el pensamiento transformador - y provee ilustraciones clínicas en las que cada una de esas formas de pensar surge claramente. El autor ve el pensamiento mágico como una forma de pensar que subvierte el pensamiento genuino y el crecimiento psicológico, pues sustituye una realidad externa perturbadora por una realidad psíquica inventada. Como contrapartida, el pensamiento onírico - nuestra forma de pensar más profunda - consiste en ver una experiencia emocional a partir de múltiples perspectivas al mismo tiempo, como, por ejemplo, la de los procesos primario y secundario del pensamiento. El pensamiento transformador, a su vez, crea un nuevo modo de ordenar las experiencias que permite generar tipos de sentimientos, formas de relaciones de objeto, y cualidades de vida antes inimaginables.

Experimental analysis of the role of water and carbon in tree stem diameter variations.

The variations of stem diameter as they can be accurately measured by Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) reflect the addition of four components: irreversible radial growth, reversible living-cell dehydration/rehydration, thermal expansion and contraction, and expansion of dead conducting elements due to the increase and relaxation of internal tensions. The correct interpretation of LVDT signals, with respect to the practical applications, should make an exact distinction between these four components. This paper describes a set of two experiments with potted hybrid walnut trees. Double girdling, water stress, and duration of the day versus night periods were used in the phytotron as experimental factors to induce variations of the carbon and water status of plant tissues. The latter were assessed, respectively, by water potential and transpiration, and by local stem respiration and carbohydrate content. The results are interpreted in terms of carbon or water limitation effects on stem diameter variations where radial growth and tissue elasticity could be distinguished. Moreover, they suggest no or very low involvement of CO2 originating from a distance, i.e. carried by the transpirational flux of xylem sap, in the total stem CO2 efflux rate.

Carbon and nitrogen mobilization in Larix x eurolepis leafy stem cuttings assessed by dual (13)C and (15)N labeling: relationships with rooting.

Changes in use of both stored and newly synthesized sources of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) were investigated during rooting of leafy cuttings of Larix x eurolepis A. Henry. We used dual (13)C and (15)N long-term labeling of reserves of stock plants and followed isotope dilution of the labels in the cuttings to determine the respective proportions of C and N derived from stock plant reserves (Q(C,old), Q(N,old)) and from newly synthesized sources (Q(C,new), Q(N,new)). We also assessed their partitioning into the growing needles and roots. Because rooting development occurred over several months, destructive harvests were made during three periods (t(0): April 9; t(1): May 15 to June 5; t(2): June 12 to June 26). Total C content (Q(C)) of cuttings did not change with time, whereas total N content (Q(N)) decreased significantly between t(0) and t(2). In rooted cuttings, unlike unrooted cuttings, total N concentration decreased less markedly in needles and in the lower stem component between t(1) and t(2) than between t(0) and t(2). The lower stem of rooted cuttings contained more Q(N,old) than that of unrooted cuttings and showed lower C:N and (13)C:(15)N ratios. The increase in Q(N,new) in the lower stem was positively correlated with rooting status. At t(1), new roots appeared and grew mainly at the expense of Q(C,new) and Q(N,old). By t(2), root growth was mainly dependent on new assimilates. We conclude that in leafy cuttings the initial amount of N reserves, rather than C reserves, may constitute a limiting factor for rooting.

Parameterization and testing of a biochemically based photosynthesis model for walnut (Juglans regia) trees and seedlings.

The biochemically based leaf photosynthesis model proposed by Farquhar et al. (1980) and the stomatal conductance model proposed by Jarvis (1976) were parameterized for walnut. Responses of photosynthesis to CO(2) and irradiance were used to determine the key parameters of the photosynthesis model. Concurrently, stomatal conductance responses to leaf irradiance (Q), leaf temperature (T(l)), water vapor pressure deficit at the leaf surface (D), and air CO(2) concentration at the leaf surface (C(s)) were used to parameterize the stomatal conductance model. To test the generality of the model parameters, measurements were made on leaves from a 20-year-old tree growing in the field, and from sunlit and shaded greenhouse-grown seedlings. The three key parameters of the photosynthesis model (maximum carboxylation rate V(cmax), electron transport capacity J(max), and dark respiration rate R(d)) and the key parameter of the conductance model (reference stomatal conductance, g(sref)) were linearly correlated with the amount of leaf nitrogen per unit leaf area. Unique relationships could be used to describe nitrogen effects on these parameters for leaves from both the tree and the seedlings. Our data allowed separation of the effects of increasing total photosynthetic apparatus per unit leaf area from the effects of partitioning nitrogen among different pools of this apparatus for foliage acclimation to leaf irradiance. Strong correlations were found between stomatal conductance g(s) and Q, D and C(s), whereas the relationship between g(s) and T(l) was weak. Based on these parameterizations, the model adequately predicted leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance when tested with an independent set of data obtained for the tree and seedlings. Total light-driven electron flows derived from chlorophyll fluorescence data obtained at different leaf temperatures were consistent with values computed by the model. The model was also tested with branch bag data acquired from a three-year-old potted walnut tree. Despite a relatively large variance between observed and simulated values, the model predicted stomatal conductance and photosynthesis reasonably well at the branch scale. The results indicate that the photosynthesis-conductance model developed here is robust and can be applied to walnut trees and seedlings under various environmental conditions where water is non-limiting.