Observation of universal Hall response in strongly interacting Fermions.

The Hall effect, which originates from the motion of charged particles in magnetic fields, has deep consequences for the description of materials, extending far beyond condensed matter. Understanding such an effect in interacting systems represents a fundamental challenge, even for small magnetic fields. In this work, we used an atomic quantum simulator in which we tracked the motion of ultracold fermions in two-leg ribbons threaded by artificial magnetic fields. Through controllable quench dynamics, we measured the Hall response for a range of synthetic tunneling and atomic interaction strengths. We unveil a universal interaction-independent behavior above an interaction threshold, in agreement with theoretical analyses. The ability to reach hard-to-compute regimes demonstrates the power of quantum simulation to describe strongly correlated topological states of matter.

Analysis of maxillary arch expansion in growing patients treated with early Class III protocol versus RME.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the maxillary arch expansion obtained in growing patients treated with Class III early treatment protocol (the modified SEC III protocol), or rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Methods: This retrospective observational study included patients in the mixed dentition with maxillary constriction and/ or dental crowding. The first group consisted of 30 patients (11 males and 19 females, mean age 9.4 ±1.7 years) with dentoskeletal Class III malocclusion treated with the modified SEC III protocol. The second group of 30 patients (14 males and 16 females, mean age 9.3 ±1.5 years) with Class I or II malocclusion was treated with a Hyrax-type expander applied to bands on the first upper molars. For each subject, initial (T0) and post expansion (T1) digital dental casts were collected. The intermolar and intercanine widths, the arch lengths at both cusp and gingival levels, the anteroposterior length and the palatal depth were measured at T0 and T1. Results: At T1 there were statistically significant differences for 3-3 occlusal (OC) (P < 0.009), arch-length OC (P <0.030), anteroposterior arch-length (AP) (P <0.003), Depth (P <0.030) and Ap (P <0.000). No statistically significant T0-T1 changes were found between the modified SEC III and Hyrax groups except for Depth (P <0.011) with a mean difference of 2.3 mm between the two groups. Conclusions: Both bonded and banded expanders, used in the modified SEC III protocol and RME treatment respectively, produced similar changes in the upper arch. The different initial dentoskeletal malocclusions of the two sample groups were not relevant to the post-expansion arch changes.

Stability prediction of early orthopedic treatment in Class III malocclusion: morphologic discriminant analysis.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate morphologic differences between class III malocclusion success and failure treatment subjects in order to identify which variables are more predictive for long-term stability in early orthopedic treatment. In this retrospective study, 31 patients were enrolled from the Department of Orthodontics (Rome Tor Vergata). Inclusion criteria were as follows: white ancestry, class III malocclusion, mixed dentition, cervical stage (CS) 1-2, no pseudo-class III. Pre-treatment radiographic and cast records were collected. Each patient underwent rapid maxillary expansion/facial mask/bite block (RME/FM/BB) orthopedic treatment until correction. At T1 (permanent dentition, CS4), records were recollected. According to treatment stability, relapse group (RG, 19) and success group (SG, 12) were identified. Sagittal and vertical cephalometric and digital cast measurements were performed. Student's t tests were used for statistically significant differences inter and intra groups. For discriminant analysis, relapse or success status was added to each patient's T0 data. RESULTS: At T0, RG showed larger upper anterior transversal width (p = 0.0266), while at T1 the upper anterior length was shorter than SG (p = 0.0028). Between T1 and T0, both groups showed larger upper anterior and posterior transversal widths. SG had greater upper anterior (p = 0.0066) and posterior (p = 0.449) sagittal length. RG presented larger lower anterior (p = 0.0012) and posterior (p = 0.0002) transversal widths, while there were no differences in SG lower arch. Discriminant analysis provided two predictive variables with an accuracy of 80.6%: upper anterior length and upper posterior length. CONCLUSION: A shorter and wider maxilla could be a predisposing factor for relapse and failure of the early orthopedic treatment of class III malocclusion patients. The absence of mandibular changes could be predictable for treatment success.

Regenerative Endodontic Therapy using a New Antibacterial Root Canal Cleanser in necrotic immature permanent teeth: Report of two cases treated in a single appointment.

A case of regenerative endodontics: (a) before treatment; (b) post-treatment Xray; (c) follow-up at 6 months; (d) follow-up at 12 months.

Evaluation of the morphometric covariation between palatal and craniofacial skeletal morphology in class III malocclusion growing subjects.

BACKGROUND: To study the covariation between palatal and craniofacial skeletal morphology in Class III growing patients through geometric morphometric analysis (GMM). METHODS: In this retrospective study, 54 Class III subjects (24F,30M;7.6 ± 0.8yy) were enrolled following these inclusion criteria: European ancestry, Class III skeletal and dental relationship, early mixed dentition, prepubertal skeletal maturation, familiarity for Class III malocclusion, no pseudo Class III malocclusion. Each patient provided upper digital cast and cephalogram before starting the therapy. Landmarks and semilandmarks were digitized (239 on the casts;121 on the lateral radiographs) and GMM was used. Procrustes analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to show the principal components of palatal and craniofacial skeletal shape variation. Two-block partial least squares analysis (PLS) was used to assess pattern of covariation between palatal and craniofacial morphology. RESULTS: Regarding palatal shape variation, PC with largest variance (PC1) described morphological changes in the three space dimensions, while, concerning the craniofacial complex components, PC1 revealed morphological differences along the vertical plane. A significant covariation was found between palatal and craniofacial shape. PLS1 accounted for more than 61,7% of the whole covariation, correlating the craniofacial divergence to palatal height and width. CONCLUSIONS: In Class III subjects increments of angle divergence are related to a narrow and high palate.

Interceptive use of pendulum for advance resolution of class II patient: a guided eruption plan to reduce stress on permanent teeth root.

Use of the so-called distalizing mechanics is a common treatment to correct class II malocclusion. One of the first appliances made for molar distalization was the pendulum, which resulted immediately efficient. The knowledge of pendulum efficacy, in regards to distalizing treatment in adolescence, has guided the research to analyze pendulum effect in childhood: checking the pre-eruptive, natural and distal movement of upper second premolar following first upper molar distalization in order to obtain an advance resolution on Angle's Class II patient, limited treatment time, reduced periodontal inflammation and stress on permanent teeth root. A pilot study testing the possibility of a prospective study was necessary on 6 patients treated following an accurate protocol (6 months and 1-year Rx control) and 6 patient control after one year. Statistical analysis by T-Test was done. Oral hygiene controls every month were done. Second upper bicuspid vertical (1.6mm) and sagittal (2.5mm) movement mean values allow to emphasize a distal variation of tooth axis inclination of treatment group than control group, and a second upper bicuspid distal departure from "gubernaculus dentis" of second deciduous molar in treated patients. Periodontal inflammation appears inexistent on second and first upper premolar germs after the comparison between RX exam of treatment and control groups because of exploiting deciduous teeth. Besides periodontal inflammation and teeth root stress on first upper molar of treatment group, after RX analysis, results were limited compared to control groups because of the advanced orthodontic interceptive treatment during a previous stage of first upper molar root development.

Fridericia platyphylla (Cham.) L.G. Lohmann root extract exerts cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects on gastric tumor cells and downregulates BCL-XL, BIRC5, and MET genes.

Fridericia platyphylla (Cham.) L.G. Lohmann (FP) has cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. We aimed to characterize the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of FP extract on normal (GAS) and tumor-derived (ACP02 and HepG2) cell lines. The effective concentrations (EC50s) by tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT) were 56.16, 43.68, and 42.57 µg mL-1 and 69.38, 41.73, and 52.39 µg mL-1 by neutral red assay for GAS, ACP02, and HepG2 cells, respectively. The extract decreased nuclear division indices, which was not reflected in cell proliferation curves. Flow cytometric analyses showed that even 30 µg mL-1 extract (shown to be noncytotoxic by MTT assay) increased the sub-G1 population, indicating cell death due to apoptosis and necrosis. A cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay showed that 30 µg mL-1 of the extract increased the frequency of nuclear buds in tumor cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed CCND1 upregulation in doxorubicin-treated GAS cells and BCL-XL, BIRC5, and MET downregulation in 5 or 30 µg mL-1 in FP extract-treated ACP02 cells. In conclusion, FP extract modulated apoptosis- and cell cycle-related genes and presented selective cytotoxicity toward tumor cells that deserves further investigation by testing other cell types. Our results demonstrated that even medicinal plants exert adverse effects depending on the extract concentrations used and tissues investigated.

Cone beam computed tomography evaluation of midpalatal suture maturation in adults.

The aim of this study was to evaluate midpalatal suture maturation in adults, as observed in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. CBCT scans from 78 subjects (64 female and 14 male, age range from 18 to 66 years) were evaluated. Midpalatal suture maturation was verified on the central cross-sectional axial slice in the superior-inferior dimension of the palate, using methods validated previously. Intra-examiner agreement was analyzed by weighted kappa test. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test whether sex and chronological age (adults <30 years or ≥30 years) could be used as a predictor for the maturational stages of the midpalatal suture. The majority of the adults presented a fused midpalatal suture in the palatine (stage D) and/or maxillary bones (stage E). However, the midpalatal suture was not fused in 12% of the subjects. Sex and chronological age were not significant predictors of the maturational stages of the midpalatal suture. The individual assessment of midpalatal suture maturation by way of CBCT images may provide reliable information critical to making the clinical decision between rapid maxillary expansion and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion for the treatment of maxillary atresia in adults.

Zygomaticomaxillary suture maturation: Part II-The influence of sutural maturation on the response to maxillary protraction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the maturational stages of zygomaticomaxillary sutures (ZMS) on the response to maxillary protraction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 40 Class III patients were treated retrospectively with either a combination of rapid maxillary expansion and facial mask (RME/FM) or bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP). The RME/FM group consisted of 18 patients (mean age 8.3 years), while the BAMP group was comprised of 22 patients (mean age 11.8 years). The initial CBCT images (T1) of the ZMSs were classified blindly. 3D models from CBCT images at the start and at the end of orthopaedic treatment were registered on the anterior cranial base, and corresponding structures were measured on colour-coded maps and semitransparent overlays. The amounts of protraction of the maxilla, zygoma, orbitale and maxillary first molars for both groups were analysed with two-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak post hoc test for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: A significant association was found between the early maturation stages of the ZMSs and the amount of maxillary protraction, regardless of the protraction method used. Class III patients with ZMS stages A and B showed greater maxillary protraction than patients at stage C. CONCLUSION: The maturational stages of ZMS are associated with the response maxillary protraction.

Zygomaticomaxillary suture maturation: A predictor of maxillary protraction? Part I - A classification method.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to present a method of classifying the maturational level of the zygomaticomaxillary sutures (ZMSs). METHODS: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) images from 74 subjects (5.6-58.4 years) were examined to define the radiographic stages of ZMS maturation. Five stages of maturation of the ZMS were identified and defined: Stage A-uniform high-density sutural line, with no or little interdigitation; Stage B-scalloped appearance of the high-density sutural line; Stage C-two parallel, scalloped, high-density lines, separated in some areas by small low-density spaces; Stage D-fusion in the inferior portion of the suture; and Stage E-complete fusion. Intra- and inter-examiner agreements were evaluated by weighted kappa tests. RESULTS: The intra- and inter-examiners reproducibility values demonstrated substantial to almost perfect agreement. No fusion of ZMSs was observed in patients up to 10 years of age. From 10 to 15 years, all maturational stages were identified. After 15 years of age, the majority of patients showed fusion of ZMSs. CONCLUSIONS: The classification of ZMS maturation using CBCT is a reliable method that allows the assessment of the morphology of the ZMSs in the individual patient.

Three-dimensional skeletal mandibular changes associated with Herbst appliance treatment.

OBJECTIVES: Three-dimensional evaluation of skeletal mandibular changes following Herbst appliance treatment. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Retrospective case-control study, based on a sample size calculation. Twenty-five pubertal patients treated with Herbst appliance (HAG), and 25 matched Class II patients who received other non-orthopaedic dental treatments (CG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three-dimensional models were generated from pre-treatment (T0) and post-treatment (T1) cone beam computed tomograms. Volumetric registration on the cranial base was used to assess mandibular displacement; volumetric regional registration was performed to evaluate mandibular growth. Quantitative measurements of X, Y, Z and 3D Euclidian changes, and also qualitative visualization by colour-mapping and semi-transparent overlays were obtained. RESULTS: Downward displacement of the mandible was observed in both HAG and CG (2.4 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively). Significant forward displacement of the mandible was observed in the HAG (1.7 mm). HAG showed greater 3D superior and posterior condylar growth than the CG (3.5 mm and 2.0 mm, respectively). Greater posterior growth of the ramus was noted in the HAG than in CG. CONCLUSIONS: Immediately after Herbst therapy, a significant mandibular forward displacement was achieved, due to increased bone remodelling of the condyles and rami compared to a comparison group. Three-dimensional changes in the direction and magnitude of condylar growth were observed in Herbst patients.

Synthetic Dimensions and Spin-Orbit Coupling with an Optical Clock Transition.

We demonstrate a novel way of synthesizing spin-orbit interactions in ultracold quantum gases, based on a single-photon optical clock transition coupling two long-lived electronic states of two-electron ^{173}Yb atoms. By mapping the electronic states onto effective sites along a synthetic "electronic" dimension, we have engineered fermionic ladders with synthetic magnetic flux in an experimental configuration that has allowed us to achieve uniform fluxes on a lattice with minimal requirements and unprecedented tunability. We have detected the spin-orbit coupling with fiber-link-enhanced clock spectroscopy and directly measured the emergence of chiral edge currents, probing them as a function of the flux. These results open new directions for the investigation of topological states of matter with ultracold atomic gases.

Early treatment of Class III malocclusion with RME and facial mask: evaluation of dentoalveolar effects on digital dental casts.

AIM: To analyse the dental effects on digital dental casts in subjects with Class III malocclusion treated with bonded Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Facial Mask (RME/FM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A study group sample (SG) of 29 subjects (13 females and 16 males) and mean age of 7.4 years (SD 1.2 years) was selected. A bonded RME was placed and activated 1/4 of a turn per day until overcorrection of the transverse width. At the end of expansion, patients were given FMs and treated at least to a positive overjet. The SG was compared with a control group (CG) of 21 prepubertal subjects (9 females; 12 males) presenting with normal occlusion and mean age of 7.9 years (SD 1.6 years). For each subject of the SG and CG initial (pretreatment, T1) and final (post-treatment, T2) digital dental casts were available. Significant in between-group differences were tested with the Student's t-test. RESULTS: The transverse dimension of the upper arch was significantly greater in SG vs. CG (IMAW: +2.6 mm; ICAW: +3.1 mm). Anterior arch length and arch depth were significantly smaller in SG when compared with CG (AAL: -3.2 mm, AD: -3.4 mm) at the end of therapy. CONCLUSION: The orthopaedic treatment with bonded RME/FM produced in subjects treated in the deciduous or early mixed dentition a significant expansion of the maxillary arch and mesialisation of the posterior teeth with a reduction of the arch depth.

Class II functional orthopaedic treatment: a systematic review of systematic reviews.

This Systematic Review (SR) aims to assess the quality of SRs and Meta-Analyses (MAs) on functional orthopaedic treatment of Class II malocclusion and to summarise and rate the reported effects. Electronic and manual searches were conducted until June 2014. SRs and MAs focusing on the effects of functional orthopaedic treatment of Class II malocclusion in growing patients were included. The methodological quality of the included papers was assessed using the AMSTAR (Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews). The design of the primary studies included in each SR was assessed with Level of Research Design scoring. The evidence of the main outcomes was summarised and rated according to a scale of statements. 14 SRs fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The appliances evaluated were as follows: Activator (2 studies), Twin Block (4 studies), headgear (3 studies), Herbst (2 studies), Jasper Jumper (1 study), Bionator (1 study) and Fränkel-2 (1 study). Four studies reviewed several functional appliances, as a group. The mean AMSTAR score was 6 (ranged 2-10). Six SRs included only controlled clinical trials (CCTs), three SRs included only randomised controlled trials (RCTs), four SRs included both CCTs and RCTs and one SR included also expert opinions. There was some evidence of reduction of the overjet, with different appliances except from headgear; there was some evidence of small maxillary growth restrain with Twin Block and headgear; there was some evidence of elongation of mandibular length, but the clinical relevance of this results is still questionable; there was insufficient evidence to determine an effect on soft tissues.

Association between mesially displaced maxillary first premolars and early displaced maxillary canines.

AIM: To evaluate the association between the mesially displaced maxillary first premolar (MDP) and the early displacement of the adjacent permanent canine (EDC) before their eruption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 1247 subjects in the intermediate mixed dentition stage was assessed for the presence of MDP and EDC. All subjects were divided into two groups: MDP group and noMDP group. For each subject two angular measurements (premolar-occlusal plane η and л premolar-midline angles) were analysed on panoramic radiographs. The chi-square test with Yates correction was performed to compare the prevalence rate of EDC in MDP (MDP-EDC) and noMDP groups. The statistical comparisons for the values of η and л angles between MDP vs noMDP, MDP vs MDP-EDC, and noMDP vs MDP-EDC groups were performed by means of ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of EDC in the MDP group was significantly greater than in the noMDP group (66% vs. 12.1%). MDP-EDC group showed a significantly larger л angle than in the MDP group resulting in an increased mesial inclination of displaced premolars. CONCLUSION: MDP can be considered a dental anomaly associated to maxillary canine displacement.

Maturation of the middle phalanx of the third finger and cervical vertebrae: a comparative and diagnostic agreement study.

OBJECTIVE: Diagnostic agreement on individual basis between the third middle phalanx maturation (MPM) method and the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method has conjecturally been based mainly on overall correlation analyses. Herein, the true agreement between methods according to stage and sex has been evaluated through a comprehensive diagnostic performance analysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Four hundred and fifty-one Caucasian subjects were included in the study, 231 females and 220 males (mean age, 12.2 ± 2.5 years; range, 7.0-17.9 years). The X-rays of the middle phalanx of the third finger and the lateral cephalograms were examined for staging by blinded operators, blinded for MPM stages and subjects' age. The MPM and CVM methods based on six stages, two pre-pubertal (1 and 2), two pubertal (3 and 4), and two post-pubertal (5 and 6), were considered. Specifically, for each MPM stage, the diagnostic performance in the identification of the corresponding CVM stage was described by Bayesian statistics. RESULTS: For both sexes, overall agreement was 77.6%. Most of the disagreement was due to 1 stage apart. Slight disagreement was seen for the stages 5 and 6, where the third middle phalanx shows an earlier maturation. CONCLUSIONS: The two maturational methods show an overall satisfactorily diagnostic agreement. However, at post-pubertal stages, the middle phalanx of the third finger appears to mature earlier than the cervical vertebrae. Post-pubertal growth phase should thus be based on the presence of stage 6 in MPM.

Short-term effects of a modified Alt-RAMEC protocol for early treatment of Class III malocclusion: a controlled study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of a modified alternate rapid maxillary expansion and constriction (Alt-RAMEC) protocol in combination with facemask (FM) in Class III growing patients. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Thirty one Class III patients (17 males, 14 females) were treated with a modified Alt-RAMEC/FM protocol at the Department of Orthodontics of the University of Florence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients were evaluated at the beginning (T1, mean age 6.4 ± 0.8 years) and at the end of orthopedic therapy (T2, mean age 8.1 ± 0.9 years), and they were compared to a matched sample of 31 Class III patients (16 males and 15 females) treated with rapid maxillary expansion and facemask (RME/FM) and to a matched control group of 21 subjects (9 males and 12 females) with untreated Class III malocclusion. The three groups were compared with anova with Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple tests. RESULTS: Both the Alt-RAMEC/FM and the RME/FM protocols showed significantly favorable effects leading to correction of the Class III malocclusion. The Alt-RAMEC/FM protocol produced a more effective advancement of the maxilla (SNA +1.2°) and greater intermaxillary changes (ANB +1.7°) vs. the RME/FM protocol. No significant differences were recorded as for mandibular skeletal changes and vertical skeletal relationships. CONCLUSION: The Alt-RAMEC/FM protocol induced more favorable skeletal short-term effects compared with RME/FM therapy in Class III growing patients.

Radiographic assessment of maxillary incisor position after rapid maxillary expansion in children with clinical signs of eruption disorder.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In this study we assessed the influence of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the intraosseous vertical position and inclination of the impacted incisors diagnosed at an early developmental stage on panoramic radiographs and subsequently treated by surgical removal of the obstacle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following surgical removal of the obstacles to incisor eruption (T1), a group of 34 subjects (mean age 8 years 11 months ± 11 months) underwent RME, while a group of 28 subjects (mean age 9 years 1 month ± 1 year) was monitored after surgery without further treatment. At T2 (on average 10 months after T1), the prevalence rate of subjects with erupted incisors was recorded. The measurements were taken on the panoramic radiographs at T1 and T2 to assess the vertical position and angulation of delayed unerupted incisors. RESULTS: At T2, impacted incisors erupted in 82.4% of the patients in the RME group versus 39.3% of those in the monitored group (χ(2) =8.45, p<0.001). All the patients treated with RME showed an improvement in the vertical and angular position of the unerupted teeth. Logistic regression revealed RME therapy as the only significant predictive variable (p<0.001) for successful eruption of the delayed incisors at T2. CONCLUSION: RME in early mixed dentition appears to be an effective procedure to increase the prevalence rate of impacted maxillary incisor eruption.

Lateral cephalometric standards of Germans with normal occlusion from 6 to 17 years of age.

The aim of this study was to analyze sagittal and vertical dentofacial dimensions in subjects with normal occlusions during the juvenile and adolescents age periods to establish age- and gender-specific lateral cephalometric standard values for Germans during their active growth period. The study group consisted of a sample of 32 untreated subjects with normal occlusions. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed at 11 consecutive stages, from 6-13 and from 15-17 years of age. A customized cephalometric analysis was used to measure 53 variables. Statistical comparisons of gender-specific differences were performed by means of Mann-Whitney U tests.Anterior and posterior cranial base lengths, midfacial length as well as mandibular length were recorded to be significantly larger in male subjects at the age of 6 years. For most of the linear measurements, significantly larger craniofacial distances were recorded in males from the age of 15 years onward. There were no statistically significant gender differences with regard to most angular measurements at subsequent age groups. Soft tissue analysis revealed flatter profiles in females than in males from the age of 10-11 years onward, while age-dependent changes in the soft tissue profile were similar in both genders.In untreated subjects with normal occlusion craniofacial development of the hard and soft tissues can be considered age- and gender-dependent. Therefore age- and gender-specific differences of linear craniofacial distances should be taken into account for diagnosis and treatment planning in children and adolescents. The present results can be used as reference values for children and adolescents of German origin.