Valor pronóstico de la respuesta serológica debida a Helicobacter pylori en la evolución a largo plazo del síndrome coronario agudo / Prognostic Value of the Serological Response to Helicobacter pylori in Long-Term Outcomes of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Introducción La respuesta serológica a Helicobacter pylori (HP) se ha reconocido como un factor de riesgo cardiovascular. Sin embargo, su utilidad pronóstica en síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA) fue escasamente evaluada. Objetivos Identificar prevalencia y pronóstico a largo plazo de anormalidades en niveles de anticuerpos IgG contra HP (HP-IgG) en pacientes con SCA. Material y métodos La población estuvo constituida por 67 sujetos consecutivos hospitalizados por SCA (angina inestable [AI]/infarto agudo de miocardio [IAM]) dentro de las 24 horas del inicio de los síntomas, entre abril de 2003 y diciembre de 2003, quienes fueron evaluados mediante un kit inmunoenzimático comercial (Meridian Diagnostics, USA). Resultados Durante el seguimiento (12 ± 3 meses) se registraron 10 (14,6%) eventos (muerte/infarto/ rehospitalización por AI). El área bajo la curva ROC de HP-IgG para predecir eventos fue de 0,85 ± 0,06 (IC 95% 0,74-0,96); el punto de corte de 185 UI mostró una sensibilidad del 70% y una especificidad del 82%. Según el nivel de HP-IgG por encima o por debajo de 185 UI, los pacientes se dividieron en grupo 1 (25,4%) y grupo 2. Ambos fueron comparables. La supervivencia anual libre de eventos fue del 67% versus el 90% en los grupos 1 y 2, respectivamente (prueba de rangos logarítmicos, p = 0,01). Al ingreso, un nivel de HP-IgG > 185 UI (hazard ratio [HR] = 5,588; p = 0,039), la hipotensión arterial (HR = 1,109; p = 0,035) y niveles elevados de creatinina (HR = 1,997; p = 0,019) fueron predictores independientes de eventos. Conclusiones En uno de cada cuatro pacientes con SCA se detectaron tempranamente niveles elevados de HP-IgG. Títulos mayores de 185 UI se asociaron con peor evolución a largo plazo.

Background The serological response to Helicobacter pylori (HP) has been recognized as a cardiovascular risk factor. Yet, its prognostic usefulness in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) has not been extensively evaluated. Objectives To identify the prevalence and long-term prognosis of abnormalities in the level of IgG antibodies against HP (HP-IgG) in patients with ACS. Material and Methods From April 2003 to December 2003, a total of 67 consecutive patients hospitalized due to ACS (unstable angina [UA], acute myocardial infarction [AMI]) within 24 hours from symptoms onset were evaluated using a commercial immunoassay kit (Meridian Diagnostics, USA). Results During follow-up (12±3 months) 10 (14.6%) events were reported (death/AMI/rehospitalization due to UA). The area under the ROC curve using HP-IgG to predict events was 0.85±0.06 (95% CI, 0.74-0.96); the cut-off point of 185 IU had a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 82%. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (HP-IgG >185 IU, 25.4%) and group 2 (HP-IgG <185 IU). Both groups were comparable. Annual survival free from events was 67% versus 90% in groups 1 and 2, respectively (log-rank test, p=0.01). The variables identified at admission as independent predictors of events were HP-IgG >185 UI (hazard ratio [HR]=5.588; p=0.039), hypotension (HR=1.109; p=0.035) and elevated oreatinine levéis (HR=1.997; p=0.019). Conclusions Early elevation of HP-IgG levéis was present in 25% of patients with ACS and levéis > 185 IU were associated with poor long-term outcomes.

[Influence of admission glucose level on long-term prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome]. / Influencia de la concentración de glucemia en el momento del ingreso en la evolución a largo plazo de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Hyperglycemia can increase the risk of death or a poor outcome following myocardial infarction. Our objective was to investigate the value of the admission glucose level in predicting long-term outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: The study population comprised 565 patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome within 24 hours of the start of symptoms. The final diagnosis was myocardial infarction in 56% and unstable angina in 44%. RESULTS: The patients' mean glucose level was 143 (77) mg/dL. During follow-up (42 [6] months), 55 (9.7%) patients died. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the optimum cut point for predicting death from the glucose level was 0.67; the cut point was 128 mg/dL, with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 62%. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to blood glucose level: in group 1 (36.8%), it was > or = 128 mg/dL; in group 2, <128 mg/dL. There were differences between the groups in the incidence of diabetes (47.2% vs 12.6%; P< .001), systolic blood pressure (138 [33] mm Hg vs 133 [33] mm Hg; P< .001), and ejection fraction (48.3 [0.9]% vs 55.2 [12.4]%; P=.004). At 4 years, the survival rates were 40% and 77% in groups 1 and 2, respectively (log rank test P< .001). The following were independent predictors of mortality: admission glucose level > or =128 mg/dL (hazard ratio [HR= 2.41; P=.021), admission systolic blood pressure (HR= 0.97; P< .001), admission troponin-T level (HR=4.88; P< .001), and the development of heart failure (HR=1.04; P=.001). A rise of 10 mg/dL in glucose level was associated with a 2.56-fold increase in the risk of death (P=.012). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute coronary syndrome, hyperglycemia at admission (cut point > or =128 mg/dL) was associated with increased long-term risk and, in addition, was a strong independent predictor of mortality.

Influencia de la concentración de glucemia en el momento del ingreso en la evolución a largo plazo de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo / Influence of admission glucose level on long-term prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Introducción y objetivos. La hiperglucemia puede incrementar el riesgo de muerte y evolución adversa después del infarto. Analizamos el valor pronóstico a largo plazo de la concentración de glucemia en el momento del ingreso en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo (SCA). Métodos. La población estaba constituida por 565 pacientes hospitalizados con SCA dentro de las 24 h siguientes al inicio de los síntomas. El diagnóstico fue infarto agudo de miocardio en el 56% y angina inestable en el 44%. Resultados. La glucemia media fue de 143 ± 77 mg/dl. Durante el seguimiento (42 ± 6 meses) se registraron 55 muertes (9,7%). El área bajo la curva ROC para determinar el mejor punto de corte de glucemia en la predicción de muerte fue 0,67; el punto de corte de 128 mg/dl mostró una sensibilidad del 85% y una especificidad del 62%. Los pacientes fueron clasificados en grupo 1 (glucemia ≥ 128 mg/dl), con un 36,8%, o grupo 2 (glucemia < 128 mg/dl). Ambos grupos difirieron en la diabetes (el 47,2 frente al 12,6%; p < 0,001), la presión arterial sistólica (138,3 ± 33 frente a 133 ± 33 mmHg; p < 0,001) y la fracción de eyección (48,3 ± 0,9 frente a 55,2 ± 12,4%; p = 0,004). La supervivencia a 4 años fue del 40 y el 77% en los grupos 1 y 2, respectivamente (test de rangos logarítmicos; p < 0,001). En el momento del ingreso, un valor de glucemia ≥ 128 mg/dl (hazard ratio [HR] = 2,41; p = 0,021), la presión arterial sistólica (HR = 0,97; p < 0,001), la troponina T (HR = 4,88; p < 0,001) y el desarrollo de insuficiencia cardiaca (HR = 1,04; p = 0,001) fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad. Un incremento de 10 mg en la glucemia supuso un aumento del riesgo de muerte de 2,56 (p = 0,012). Conclusiones. En pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo, la hiperglucemia en el momento del ingreso, con un punto de corte ≥ 128 mg/dl, se asoció con un mayor riesgo a largo plazo y fue, además, un fuerte predictor independiente

Introduction and objectives. Hyperglycemia can increase the risk of death or a poor outcome following myocardial infarction. Our objective was to investigate the value of the admission glucose level in predicting long-term outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods. The study population comprised 565 patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome within 24 hours of the start of symptoms. The final diagnosis was myocardial infarction in 56% and unstable angina in 44%. Results. The patients' mean glucose level was 143 (77) mg/dL. During follow-up (42 [6] months), 55 (9.7%) patients died. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the optimum cut point for predicting death from the glucose level was 0.67; the cut point was 128 mg/dL, with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 62%. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to blood glucose level: in group 1 (36.8%), it was ≥ 128 mg/dL; in group 2, <128 mg/dL. There were differences between the groups in the incidence of diabetes (47.2% vs 12.6%; P<.001), systolic blood pressure (138 [33] mm Hg vs 133 [33] mm Hg; P<.001), and ejection fraction (48.3 [0.9]% vs 55.2 [12.4]%; P=.004). At 4 years, the survival rates were 40% and 77% in groups 1 and 2, respectively (log rank test P<.001). The following were independent predictors of mortality: admission glucose level ≥128 mg/dL (hazard ratio [HR= 2.41; P=.021), admission systolic blood pressure (HR= 0.97; P<.001), admission troponin-T level (HR=4.88; P<.001), and the development of heart failure (HR=1.04; P=.001). A rise of 10 mg/dL in glucose level was associated with a 2.56-fold increase in the risk of death (P=.012). Conclusions. In patients with acute coronary syndrome, hyperglycemia at admission (cut point ≥128 mg/dL) was associated with increased long-term risk and, in addition, was a strong independent predictor of mortality

Importance of early combined N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin T measurements for long-term risk stratification of patients with decompensated heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Markers of myocardial necrosis and natriuretic peptides are risk predictors in decompensated heart failure (DHF). We prospectively studied the optimal timing of combined cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) measurements for long-term risk stratification. METHODS: cTnT and NT-proBNP were measured upon admission, and before discharge in 76 patients hospitalized for DHF (mean age 62.3 +/- 15 years; 71% men). RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 252 +/- 120 days, 39.5% of patients died or were re-hospitalized for DHF. From receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) curves, the selected cut-off values for cTnT and NT-proBNP were 0.026 ng/ml and 3,700 pg/ml on admission, and 0.030 ng/ml and 3,200 pg/ml, respectively, at discharge. Depending upon measurements above vs below cut-off, the population was distributed on admission and before discharge for three groups: both negative (24% and 30% of patients); one positive (43% and 42%); and both positive (33% and 28%). For the admission groups, the 1-year DHF-free re-hospitalization survival rates were 85%, 60% and 34%, respectively (p = 0.0047). One-year survival rates for DHF-free re-hospitalization were 63%, 71% and 26% (p = 0.0029), respectively, for the discharge groups. In the Cox proportional hazards model, systolic blood pressure (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96 to 0.99), heart rate (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94 to 0.98), one positive biomarker on admission (HR: 10.5; 95% CI: 1.3 to 83.7) and two positive biomarkers on admission (HR: 13.9; 95% CI: 1.8 to 98.5) were independent predictors of long-term outcomes. However, NT-proBNP on admission was the most important predictor of long-term prognosis (HR: 5.1; 95% CI: 2.3 to 12.2). CONCLUSIONS: The combined measurements of cTnT and NT-proBNP on hospital admission were more reliable than their measurements before discharge in the long-term risk stratification of DHF. A single positive measurement on admission predicted a poor long-term outcome.

Efecto aditivo de los incrementos de urea y creatinina a la admisión sobre el pronóstico a largo plazo en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada / Additive effect of increased urea and creatinine levels at admission on long-term prognosis in patients with decompensated heart failure

Introducción y objetivos: La elevación de la creatinina es un marcador de riesgo en la insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada (ICD). Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el rol pronóstico a largo plazo de la detección temprana de deterioro renal (DR), definido por elevación en los niveles de urea y/o creatinina, en pacientes con ICD. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron en forma prospectiva 241 individuos admitidos por ICD. Se seleccionaron los puntos de corte para urea y creatinina al ingreso a través de curva ROC, para la detección de eventos combinados (muerte o rehospitalización por ICD). El seguimiento medio fue de 366 ± 482 días. Resultados: La edad media fue 65,4 ± 11,6 años (63,8% hombres, 42,3% etiología isquémica) y la incidencia de eventos fue de 107. El área bajo curva ROC de urea y creatinina para la predicción de eventos fue de 0,59 y 0,57. Los puntos de corte, sensibilidad y especificidad fueron: urea 55 mg/dL, 57% y 63%; y creatinina 1,17 mg/dL, 58% y 62%, respectivamente. El DR se identificó en 144 (60,4%) sujetos, 82 con ambos marcadores elevados, 29 sólo con creatinina elevada y 33 sólo con urea elevada. En el grupo con DR fue más frecuente el diagnóstico previo de ICD (89 vs 78%, p=0,041) y la hipoperfusión periférica (12,5 y 4,1%, p=0,020), tuvieron menor fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) (36,4±17,2% y 41,1±19,6%, p=0,05) y mayor nivel de pro-BNP (8681±9010 pg/l y 2943±269 pg/l, p<0,001). La supervivencia libre de rehospitalización por ICD a 18 meses en aquellos con y sin DR fue 35 y 60% (p=0,0086), y las variables asociadas con evolución adversa fueron DR (HR=1,8; IC 95% 1,1-2,7) y diagnóstico previo de ICD (HR=1,9; p<0,001; IC 95% 1,1-3,5). Conclusión: El uso combinado de urea y creatinina permite incrementar la detección temprana de DR en pacientes con ICD. Este hallazgo fue un fuerte predictor de eventos a largo plazo.

Background: Increased level of creatinine is a powerful risk marker in decompensated heart failure (DHF). Our objective was to evaluate the long-term prognostic role of early detection of renal dysfunction (RD), defined by abnormal levels of urea and/or creatinine, in patients with DHF. Patients and methods: Two hundred and forty-one patients admitted for DHF were prospectively included. The cut-off of urea and creatinine were selected using ROC curves for predicting combined events (death or rehospitalization for DHF). The mean follow-up was 366±482 days. Results: The mean age were 65.4±11.6 years (64% male, 42.3% ischemic etiology), and 44.4% had events. The area under ROC curves to predicting events for urea and creatinine was 0.59 and 0.57, respectively. The cut-off, sensitivity and specificity were: urea 55 mg/dL, 57% and 63%; creatinine 117 mg/dL, 58% and 62%, respectively. RD was identified in 144 (60.4%) subjects, 82 had elevated both markers, 29 with only increased levels of creatinine, and 33 with only abnormal levels of urea. RD groups had more frequently a previous diagnosis of HF (89 vs 78%, p=0.041) and peripheral hypoperfusion (12.5 vs 4.1%, p=0.020), and they showed lower LVEF (36.4±17.2% vs 41.1±19.6%, p=0.05) and higher pro-BNP (8.681±9010 pg/mL vs 2943±2690 pg/ mL, p<0.001) than those without RD. Eighteen-month free-DHF rehospitalization survival in patients with and without RD was 35% and 60% (p=0.0086). The variables significantly associated with events were RD (1.8, p<0.001; CI 95%=1.1-2.7) and previous diagnosis of HF (HR=1.9, CI 95%=1.1-3.5). Conclusion: The combined use of urea and creatinine improve the early detection of RD in patients with DHF. This finding was a strong long-term prognostic predictor.

Atorvastatin has an important acute anti-inflammatory effect in patients with acute coronary syndrome: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are associated with cardiovascular risk. We assessed the hypothesis that atorvastatin might have anti-inflammatory effects in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) as shown by CRP reduction. METHODS: This study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 90 consecutive patients admitted within 48 hours of onset of ACS with CRP levels > or =1.4 mg/dL. Patients were assigned to atorvastatin 40 mg daily or placebo over 30 days. C-reactive protein levels, lipid profiles, serum fibrinogen, white cell count, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were measured at entry, hospital discharge, and 1 month later. RESULTS: Baseline clinical characteristics did not differ between atorvastatin and placebo groups (mean age 59.3 +/- 13.4 vs 61.1 +/- 11.5, P = ns); myocardial infarction 52.3% versus 67.4% ( P = ns). In both groups, median baseline CRP levels were comparable (5.97 +/- 6.2 vs 4.64 +/- 4.2 mg/dL, P = ns). C-reactive protein levels were lower in the atorvastatin group versus control group at discharge (1.68 +/- 1.65 vs 4.12 +/- 4.18 mg/dL) and at 30 days (0.50 +/- 0.71 vs 2.91 +/- 2.68 mg/dL, both P < .0001). C-reactive protein levels significantly decreased from baseline to discharge and 1 month later in placebo and atorvastatin groups (both P < .0001); however, the reduction was greater in the atorvastatin group (62% vs 11% at discharge [P < .0001]; 84% vs 30% at 1 month [P < .0001]). In addition, atorvastatin was associated with a reduction in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at discharge and at 30 days (P < .0001 for all comparisons). No correlation was found between changes in CRP and cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS: C-reactive protein levels in ACS were rapidly reduced with atorvastatin. These data provide evidence that statins have fast and early anti-inflammatory effects in addition to lipid-lowering effects in ACS.