Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/pharmacology , Benzamides/pharmacology , Benzene Derivatives/pharmacology , Factor Xa Inhibitors , Fibrinolytic Agents/pharmacology , Animals , Anticoagulants/chemistry , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Benzamides/chemistry , Benzamides/therapeutic use , Benzene Derivatives/chemistry , Benzene Derivatives/therapeutic use , Disease Models, Animal , Factor Xa/metabolism , Fibrinolytic Agents/chemistry , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Humans , Piperidines/chemistry , Rabbits , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thrombosis/prevention & controlABSTRACT
High-throughput screening of a combinatorial library of diamidophenols yielded lead compounds with the ability to inhibit human factor Xa (fXa) at micromolar concentrations (e.g. compound 4, fXa apparent K(ass) = 0.64 x 10(6) L/mol). SAR studies in this novel structural series of fXa inhibitors showed that the phenolic hydroxyl group was not essential for activity. The best activity was found in substituted 1,2-dibenzamidobenzenes in which the phenyl group of one benzoyl group (A-ring) was substituted in the 4-position with relatively small lipophilic or polarizable groups such as methoxy, vinyl, or chloro and the phenyl group of the other benzoyl group (B-ring) was substituted in the 4-position with larger lipophilic groups such as tert-butyl or dimethylamino. The central phenyl ring (C-ring) tolerated a wide variety of substituents, but methoxy, methanesulfonamido, hydroxyl, and carboxyl substitution produced slightly higher levels of activity than other substituents when present in combination with favorable B-ring substitution. Methylation of the amide nitrogen atoms was found to greatly decrease activity. Compound 12 is the highest affinity fXa inhibitor in this group of compounds, having fXa apparent K(ass) = 25.5 x 10(6) L/mol, about 40x more active than the original lead. This lead series does not show potent inhibition of human thrombin. A model for the binding of these ligands to the fXa active site is proposed. The model is consistent with the observed SAR and can serve to guide future SAR studies.
Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Factor Xa Inhibitors , Phenylenediamines/chemical synthesis , Sulfonamides/chemical synthesis , Thrombin/antagonists & inhibitors , Anticoagulants/chemistry , Anticoagulants/metabolism , Binding Sites , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism , Factor Xa/chemistry , Factor Xa/metabolism , Humans , Models, Molecular , Phenylenediamines/chemistry , Phenylenediamines/metabolism , Phenylenediamines/pharmacology , Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfonamides/chemistry , Sulfonamides/metabolism , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Thrombin/metabolismABSTRACT
To enhance the potency of 1,2-dibenzamidobenzene-derived inhibitors of factor Xa (fXa), an amidine substituent was incorporated on one of the benzoyl side chains to interact with Asp189 in the S1 specificity pocket. Lead molecule 1 was docked into the active site of fXa to facilitate inhibitor design. Subsequently, iterative SAR studies and molecular modeling led to a 1000-fold increase in fXa affinity and a refined model of the new inhibitors in the fXa active site. Strong support for the computational model was achieved through the acquisition of an X-ray crystal structure using thrombin as a surrogate protein. The amidines in this series show high levels of selectivity for the inhibition of fXa relative to other trypsin-like serine proteases. Furthermore, the fXa affinity of compounds in this series (K(ass) = 50-500 x 10(6) L/mol) translates effectively into both anticoagulant activity in vitro and antithrombotic activity in vivo.
