ABSTRACT
The midgut of anopheline mosquito is the entry of Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria.When the mosquito feeds on parasite infected host, Plasmodium parasites reach the midgut and must confront digestive enzymes, the innate immune response and go across the peritrophic matrix (PM), a thick extracellular sheath secreted by the mosquito midgut epithelial cells. Then, to continue its development, the parasite must reach the salivary glands to achieve transmission to a vertebrate host. We report here the morphological and biochemical descriptions of the midgut changes after a blood meal in Anopheles albimanus. Before blood feeding, midgut epithelial cells contained numerous electrondense vesicles distributed in the central to apical side. These vesicles were secreted to the luminal side of the midgut after a blood meal. At early times after blood ingest, the PM is formed near microvilli as a granulous amorphous material and after it consolidates forming a highly organized fibrillar structure, constituted by layers of electrondense and electronlucent regions. Proteomic comparative analysis of sugar and blood fed midguts showed several molecules that modify their abundance after blood intake; these include innate immunity, cytoskeletal, stress response, signaling, and digestive, detoxifying and metabolism enzymes. Biological significance In the midgut of mosquitoes during bloodfeeding, many simultaneous processes occur, including digestion, innate immune activities, cytoskeleton modifications, construction of a peritrophic matrix and hormone production, between others. Mechanical forces are very intense during bloodfeeding and epithelial and muscular cells must resist the stress, modifying the actin cytoskeleton and coordinating intracellular responses by signaling. Microorganisms present in midgut contents reproduce and interact with epithelial cells triggering innate immune response. When infectious agents are present in the blood meal they must traverse the peritrophic matrix, an envelope formed from secretion products of epithelial cells, and evade the immune system in order to reach the epithelium and continue their journey towards salivary glands, in preparation for the transmission to the new hosts. During all these processes, proteins of mosquitoes are modified in order to deal with mechanical and biological challenges, and the aim of this work is to study these changes.
Subject(s)
Anopheles/metabolism , Digestive System/metabolism , Proteome , Animals , Anopheles/parasitology , Cytoskeleton/metabolism , Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional , Epithelial Cells/parasitology , Female , Host-Parasite Interactions , Humans , Immunity, Innate , Insect Vectors/metabolism , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Oxidative Stress , Plasmodium/metabolism , Proteomics , Serpins/chemistry , Signal Transduction , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology , Antibody Specificity , Melanoma/immunology , Aged , Humans , Immunohistochemistry/standards , MaleABSTRACT
Their proximity to Eastern Virginia's abundant waterways has given the authors experience in managing the destructive tenosynovitis and deep tissue infections caused by M marinum. They present nine cases, discuss diagnosis and treatment, review the literature, and urge urban physicians to be on the alert for the disease in patients recently returned from fishing trips.
