The genetic variability of hepatitis B virus subgenotype F1b precore/core gene is related to the outcome of the acute infection.

AIM: To assess the association of viral and host genetic variability with the outcome of acute infection with hepatitis B virus subgenotype F1b (HBV/F1b). METHODS: The cohort consisted of 26 patients with acute HBV/F1b infection who exhibit different outcomes: spontaneous resolution (n = 10), progression to chronic hepatitis (n = 10) and acute liver failure (n = 6). HLA SNPs (rs3077, rs9277542, rs2856718 and rs7453920) were determined. The S gene and core promoter/precore/core region were direct sequenced, and this latter region was also ultra-deep sequenced. Mean number of mutations, mutation rate, Shannon entropy, positive selection sites and mutational patterns of quasispecies were compared between groups. RESULTS: HLA SNPs were associated with spontaneous resolution or progression to chronic hepatitis, but not with the development of acute liver failure. The mean number of mutations in the S gene was similar among the three groups. Patients with spontaneous resolution had the lowest number of mutations, mutation rates and Shannon entropy values in the precore/core compared to the other two groups. Ten positive selection sites mapped on HLA-restricted epitopes were related to progression to chronic hepatitis and acute liver failure. Mutations T1753C, A1762T, G1764A, C1766T, T1768A G1896A, G2092T and T2107C were associated with acute liver failure and progression to chronic hepatitis. CONCLUSION: Highly heterogeneous and complex HBV precore/core carrying specific point mutations, combined with the host HLA background, were associated with a worse clinical outcome of acute HBV/F1b infection.

La densidad, riqueza y composición arbóreas definen parches detectados remotamente en una selva subperennifolia

Recientemente se ha abordado la delimitación de parches de vegetación a través de clasificaciones orientadas a objetos con datos multiespectrales. En esta investigación se presenta una propuesta de caracterización de selvas secundarias basada en matrices de semejanza de composición específica, estructura de la vegetación arbórea e índices de diversidad, partiendo de una clasificación orientada a objetos de imágenes multiespectrales. El área de estudio corresponde a una selva mediana subperennifolia con antecedente de aprovechamiento agrícola bajo el sistema de roza tumba y quema (Ac: hace 8-23 años), aprovechamiento forestal selectivo (Fs: hace 43-53 años), y aprovechamiento forestal selectivo e incendio forestal (Fc: hace 21-28 años). Se delinearon tres parches de vegetación de acuerdo al historial de uso, y se analizaron las diferencias entre las medias de las métricas de campo de cada parche con un análisis de varianza multivariado permutacional (P < 0.001). Con un modelo logístico multinomial se identificaron, de entre más de 20 covariables, la riqueza de especies, densidad de tallos por hectárea, y el primer eje de variación del ordenamiento NMDS de la composición específica, como los atributos de la vegetación más distintivos. El parche Fc, presenta los mayores valores en diversidad de Shannon-Wiener, riqueza de especies, y densidad de tallos mayores a 7.5 cm de diámetro. El Fs tiene los mayores promedios de biomasa, área basal y altura individual, y el Ac tiene los menores valores de todas las métricas anteriores. Las especies de mayor Índice de Valor de Importancia fueron: Ac; Bursera simaruba y Psidia psipula, Fs: Gymnanthes lucida y Manilkara zapota, Fc: G. lucida y B. simaruba.

A proposal for characterizing habitat of forests, obtained from an object-oriented classification of RapidEye multiespectral imagery, based on dissimilarity matrices of vegetation structure, species diversity and composition is presented. The study area is a forested landscape mosaic after slash and burn agriculture (Ac: 8-23 years ago), selective logging (Fs: 43-53 years ago), and selective logging and forest fire (Fc: 21-28 years ago). The site is located in the central part of Quintana Roo, México, where three vegetation patches were delineated according to remotely sensed multiespectral imagery. Mean differences between vegetation structure properties of each vegetation patch were obtained through a permutational multivariate analysis of variance (P < 0.001). Species richness, stem density per hectare, and the axis-1 scores of the non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of specific composition were identified as the vegetation attributes more relevant to differentiate the vegetation patches by a multinomial logistic model. Fc vegetation patch is characterized by the greatest mean values on Shannon-Wiener index, species richness, and stem density. The Fs has the greatest mean values of canopy height, basal area, and biomass at 80 percentile, and the Ac vegetation patch has the lowest values of all mentioned metrics. The species with the greatest relative importance value were: Ac: Bursera simaruba and Psidia psipula, Fs: Gymnanthes lucida and Manilkara zapota, Fc: G. lucida and B. simaruba. The uncertainty associated with the metrics assessed by vegetation patch was smaller than the uncertainty of the whole area, because of the efficient variability aggregation of the field data. We conclude that multiespectral information is a reliable tool for distinguishing vegetation patches with specific features, as stem density, specific composition, and species richness.

Prevalence and Factors Related to Natural Resistance-Associated Substitutions to Direct-Acting Antivirals in Patients with Genotype 1 Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of natural resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) to NS3, NS5A and NS5B inhibitors in 86 genotype 1 Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-infected patients from Buenos Aires, Argentina, and to determine their effect on therapy outcome. Additionally, virological, clinical and host genetic factors were explored as predictors of the presence of baseline RASs. NS3 RASs (39.2%) were more prevalent than NS5A RASs (25%) and NS5B RASs (8.9%). In the three regions, the frequencies of RASs were significantly higher in HCV-1b than in HCV-1a. The prevalence of Y93H, L159F and Q80K were 1.3%, 6.3% and 2.5%, respectively. IFNL3 CC genotype was identified as an independent predictor of the presence of baseline RASs in NS5A and NS3 genes (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.01, respectively). Sustained virologic response was achieved by 93.3% of the patients after receiving direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), although 48.7% of them showed baseline RASs related to the DAA-regimen. Notably, the prevalence of clinically relevant RASs in the three genes was lower than that observed around the world. The baseline presence of RASs in both subtypes did not appear to affect therapy outcome. These results support the need to evaluate resistance patterns in each particular country since RASs´ prevalence significantly vary worldwide.

Sentidos que le otorgan los maestros a la motricidad como un saber para la enseñanza / Senses that teachers give to the motor skills as knowledge for teaching

En este estudio se asume que la formación de maestros, en una posición crítica propositiva y unida a la motricidad, puede aportar a otros saberes que permitan trascender en la enseñanza. Su objetivo consistió en desvelar los sentidos que le otorgan los maestros a la motricidad como un saber para la enseñanza; la metodología tuvo como enfoque la comprensión, y el tipo de investigación la etnografía reflexiva. Los resultados están condensados con relación a otras visibilidades desde la motricidad y la enseñanza; esto está íntimamente ligado al hecho de no considerar a la lógica cognitiva como el único aspecto a tener en cuenta en el proceso de la formación de maestros.

In this study it was assumed that the training of teachers in a critical proactive and connected to the motor skills, can contribute to other knowledge that allow to go beyond teaching. The aim was to uncover the meanings that teachers give to the motor skills with a knowledge for teaching, the methodology was to approach the understanding and the type of research was reflexive ethnography, the results are condensed in relation to other visibilities from the motor skills and teaching, this is closely linked to the fact to not consider the cognitive logic as the only aspect to consider in the process of teacher training.