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1.
Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol ; 49(2): 217-27, 2005 Apr.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16184249

ABSTRACT

Diabetic retinopathy is a frequently observed complication in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, specially in patients with long term disease and poor glicemic control. Irreversible visual loss appears at the final stages of diabetic retinopathy and it is considered one of the most tragic of diabetic complications. It is also considered an important factor of morbidity and has a high economical impact once it is the leading cause of blindness. The pathophysiology of the retinal microvascular alterations is related to the chronic hyperglycemia that leads to the following circulatory disturbances: loss of vascular tonus, increase in vascular permeability, edema and exudation, with vascular obstruction and ischemia that stimulates neovascularization, which may lead to fibrous retraction and vitreous hemorrhages with retinal detachment. Recent studies have indicated that the strict glicemic and blood pressure controls are effective in reducing or blocking the progression of retinopathy. Up to now no pharmacological agents have shown to be effective in preventing or reducing neovascularization and visual loss. Presently, the most effective available treatment for proliferative retinopathy is laser photocoagulation. Further studies are needed to obtain new products and technologies that could effectively prevent or block retinopathy progression.


Subject(s)
Diabetic Retinopathy , Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology , Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology , Diabetic Retinopathy/therapy , Humans , Hyperglycemia/complications , Retina/anatomy & histology , Retinal Vessels/anatomy & histology , Risk Factors
2.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 49(2): 217-227, abr. 2005.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-409728

ABSTRACT

A retinopatia é das complicacões mais comuns e está presente tanto no diabetes tipo 1 quanto no tipo 2, especialmente em pacientes com longo tempo de doenca e mau controle glicêmico. Quando culmina em perda visual é considerada trágica e constitui fator importante de morbidade de elevado impacto econômico, uma vez que a retinopatia diabética é a causa mais freqüente de cegueira adquirida. A fisiopatologia das alteracões microvasculares do tecido retiniano está relacionada à hiperglicemia crônica, que leva a alteracões circulatórias como a perda do tônus vascular, alteracão do fluxo sangüíneo, aumento da permeabilidade vascular e conseqüentemente extravasamentos e edemas e, por fim, obstrucão vascular que leva à neovascularizacão, com vasos frágeis que se rompem, levando a hemorragias e descolamento da retina. O controle metabólico e pressórico estritos podem retardar a progressão da retinopatia. Até o momento, nenhum agente farmacológico se mostrou eficaz em prevenir, retardar ou reverter a retinopatia diabética.O tratamento disponível no momento é a fotocoagulacão a laser de argônio e, em alguns casos, a vitrectomia. O sucesso do tratamento depende da deteccão precoce das lesões. Muitos estudos têm revelado mecanismos, assim como antagonistas importantes na evolucão da retinopatia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetic Retinopathy , Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology , Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology , Diabetic Retinopathy/therapy , Hyperglycemia/complications , Retina/anatomy & histology
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