Iron is a signal for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm formation, oxidative stress response, OMPs expression, and virulence.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging nosocomial pathogen. In many bacteria iron availability regulates, through the Fur system, not only iron homeostasis but also virulence. The aim of this work was to assess the role of iron on S. maltophilia biofilm formation, EPS production, oxidative stress response, OMPs regulation, quorum sensing (QS), and virulence. Studies were done on K279a and its isogenic fur mutant F60 cultured in the presence or absence of dipyridyl. This is the first report of spontaneous fur mutants obtained in S. maltophilia. F60 produced higher amounts of biofilms than K279a and CLSM analysis demonstrated improved adherence and biofilm organization. Under iron restricted conditions, K279a produced biofilms with more biomass and enhanced thickness. In addition, F60 produced higher amounts of EPS than K279a but with a similar composition, as revealed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. With respect to the oxidative stress response, MnSOD was the only SOD isoenzyme detected in K279a. F60 presented higher SOD activity than the wt strain in planktonic and biofilm cultures, and iron deprivation increased K279a SOD activity. Under iron starvation, SDS-PAGE profile from K279a presented two iron-repressed proteins. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed homology with FepA and another putative TonB-dependent siderophore receptor of K279a. In silico analysis allowed the detection of potential Fur boxes in the respective coding genes. K279a encodes the QS diffusible signal factor (DSF). Under iron restriction K279a produced higher amounts of DSF than under iron rich condition. Finally, F60 was more virulent than K279a in the Galleria mellonella killing assay. These results put in evidence that iron levels regulate, likely through the Fur system, S. maltophilia biofilm formation, oxidative stress response, OMPs expression, DSF production and virulence.

Polymorphisms in the pertussis toxin promoter in Bordetella bronchiseptica veterinary isolates from Argentina.

Five restriction patterns (including a novel one) could be defined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism on the pertussis toxin (PT) promoter region in local veterinary isolates, suggesting that PT gene analysis is a potential molecular marker for Bordetella bronchiseptica detection and typing.

Vir90, a virulence-activated gene coding for a Bordetella pertussis iron-regulated outer membrane protein.

Bordetella pertussis undergoes phenotypic changes modulated by the bvgAS locus, which regulates the expression of many genes related to virulence and immunogenicity. We previously reported the N-terminal sequence of a 90 kDa bvg-regulated outer membrane protein (OMP) of B. pertussis (SWISS-PROT accession No. p81549), a novel potential virulence factor that we named Vir90. The open reading frames (ORFs) which potentially code for Vir90 in B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica were identified by computer analysis of the genomic sequences available for the three Bordetella species. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the vir90 upstream region revealed the presence of a putative promoter, a BvgA binding site and a putative Fur binding site. The B. pertussis Vir90 protein showed significant homology with ferrisiderophore receptors from Gram-negative bacteria. An antiserum raised against Vir90His recombinant protein recognized the 90-kDa protein in immunoblots of OMPs from these three virulent Bordetella species. The accumulation of the Vir90 protein increased 4-fold under low iron growth conditions. Therefore, the vir90 gene is expressed in the tested species and its expression is regulated positively by the BvgAS system and negatively under high iron concentration, likely by Fur.

Characterization of intermediate phenotypes induced by chemically undefined laboratory media in virulent Bordetella bronchiseptica strains.

The expression of many virulence factors of Bordetella bronchiseptica is regulated by the bvgAS locus and reduced in response to environmental signals called modulators. Virulent strains can alternate between virulent (Bvg(+)), intermediate (Bvg(i)), and modulated (Bvg(+)mod) phenotypes. Potential vaccine antigens can be expressed by Bvg1 strains grown only in the absence of modulators. In the present study we evaluated filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and outer membrane protein (OMP) expression in Bvg(+) B. bronchiseptica strains grown in chemically undefined media: nutrient agar (NA), tryptic soy agar (TSA), tryptose phosphate broth (TPB), and brain-heart infusion (BHI). Our results suggest that TSA and TPB usually induce semimodulation, since Bvg(+) strains cultured in these media retained the expression of FHA and virulence-associated OMPs in the 30 kDa region, but failed to express other virulence markers such as OMPs in the regions of 90 and 200 kDa, though they expressed flagellin (avirulence marker). On the other hand, NA and BHI usually induce modulation. Thus the assayed chemically undefined media should not be used in vaccine production. Semimodulation induced by TSA and TPB can be accurately detected by SDS-PAGE Sarkosyl-insoluble OMP-enriched profiles. The reduction or absence of OMPs in the regions of 90 and 200 kDa is the most sensitive marker, and in some cases the presence of flagellin in intermediate profiles is another trait of the Bvg(i) phenotypes. Therefore these markers could be useful for selecting media for vaccine production. We also characterized the phenotype of Bvg(+) strains grown in Stainer-Scholte broth, an expensive medium, with and without glutathione, and we have detected no differences; this is the first attempt to reduce the cost of a Bordetella growth medium for veterinary vaccine production.

Effect of (2, 6-0-Dimethyl) Beta-Cyclodextrin (heptakis) on cell mass, pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin production in three bordetella pertussis vaccinal strains

Estudou-se a produçäo de toxina pertussis (PT) e hemaglutininas filamentosas (FHA) para vacinas do vírus Bortella pertussis em cultura supernadante e em supernadante de células lavadas com soluçöes iônicas. O vírus cresceu em meio Stainer-Scholte (SS) e na modificaçäo chamou-se CL-basal (CL-b) e desse meio com heptakis (2,6-0-Dimethyl Beta-Cyclodextrin (MeBCD). FHA e PT foram estimados pelo total de hemaglutinaçäo, hemaglutinaçäo diferencial (com colesterol) e imunoensaio dot-blot. O meio CL-b decresce a produçäo de massa celular e também decresceria a estabilidade e liberaçäo de hemaglutininas. A adiçäo of MeBCD para SS ou meio CL-b estimularia a produçäo, exportaçäo e estabilidade de PT e FHA. Esses efeitos säo maiores para meio CL-b e mais importante para FHA. Esses efeitos säo maiores par meio CL-b e mais importante para FHA que para PT. Obteve-se resultados similares com a adiçäo de 0,5 ou 1g/l de MeBCD para CL-b. Cultura supernadante contém FHA e PT mas supernadantes de células em soluçäo única contém basicamente FHA e seeria usada para prover esse campo

Viabilidad de Bacillus subtilis auxotrofos en ausencia de sus metabolitos esenciales / Viability of Bacillus subtilis auxotrophs in the absence of their essential metabolites

Se estudió el efecto de la privación de triptofano y uracilo sobre la viabilidad del tansformante Bacillus subtilis BSA trp ura y de las cepas parentales Bacillus subtilis PB 168 trp-C y Bacillus subtilis PB 3308 ura. Los ensayos se llevaron a cabo en las condiciones descriptas para el desarrollo de competencia para transformación, durante 16 h. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que Bacillus subtilis BSA 170 trp ura es resistente a la muerte por carencia de triptofano durante el tiempo del ensayo y a la muerte por carencia de uracilo durante 3h. Luego ocurre una disminución de la recuperación de UFC, acompañada por una reduccción de las absorbancias de los cultivos. La muerte por carencia de uracilo es prevenida en ausencia de triptofano, sugiriendo que reuiere síntesis de proteínas. Las cepas parentales mostraron un comportamiento semejante. Bacillus subtilis PB 168 trp-C mostró ser resistente a la muerte por carencia de triptofano y Bacillus subtilis PB 3308 uta sufrió una reducción de la capacidad para formar colonias, debida a la privación de uracilo, comparable a la de la cepa transformante (AU)

Viabilidad de Bacillus subtilis auxotrofos en ausencia de sus metabolitos esenciales / Viability of Bacillus subtilis auxotrophs in the absence of their essential metabolites

Se estudió el efecto de la privación de triptofano y uracilo sobre la viabilidad del tansformante Bacillus subtilis BSA trp ura y de las cepas parentales Bacillus subtilis PB 168 trp-C y Bacillus subtilis PB 3308 ura. Los ensayos se llevaron a cabo en las condiciones descriptas para el desarrollo de competencia para transformación, durante 16 h. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que Bacillus subtilis BSA 170 trp ura es resistente a la muerte por carencia de triptofano durante el tiempo del ensayo y a la muerte por carencia de uracilo durante 3h. Luego ocurre una disminución de la recuperación de UFC, acompañada por una reduccción de las absorbancias de los cultivos. La muerte por carencia de uracilo es prevenida en ausencia de triptofano, sugiriendo que reuiere síntesis de proteínas. Las cepas parentales mostraron un comportamiento semejante. Bacillus subtilis PB 168 trp-C mostró ser resistente a la muerte por carencia de triptofano y Bacillus subtilis PB 3308 uta sufrió una reducción de la capacidad para formar colonias, debida a la privación de uracilo, comparable a la de la cepa transformante