Barriers and facilitators to pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among male sex workers in Mexico: an application of the RE-AIM framework.

BACKGROUND: The ImPrEP México demonstration project is the first to distribute free HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women living in Mexico. In Mexico City, MSM who are also male sex workers (MSWs) face a disproportionately high risk of HIV infection. PrEP is highly effective for HIV prevention, yet "real-life" implementation among MSWs is a challenge due to the unique adherence barriers faced by this population. METHODS: This study uses the RE-AIM implementation science framework to characterize the unique barriers to and facilitators of PrEP uptake among MSWs in Mexico City. We conducted 9 in-depth key informant interviews and 2 focus group discussions with MSWs across 5 clinic and community sites. Qualitative data were analyzed using inductive, open coding approaches from grounded theory. We supplemented findings from the primary qualitative analysis with quantitative indicators derived from ImPrEP program records to describe the current Reach of the ImPrEP program among MSWs in Mexico City and the potential for wider PrEP Adoption among other high-risk populations in Mexico. RESULTS: The Reach of the ImPrEP program was 10% of known HIV-negative MSWs in Mexico City. Program Reach was lowest among MSWs who were street-based sex workers, of lower socioeconomic status, migrants from other states and self-identified as heterosexual. Barriers to program Reach included limited PrEP knowledge, HIV-related stigma, and structural barriers; facilitators included in-person program recruitment, patient-centered care, and spread of information through word of mouth among MSWs. Two out of the four eligible institutions had adopted the ImPrEP protocol. Barriers to wider program Adoption included HIV- and sexual identity- related stigma, protocol limitations, and lack of a national policy for PrEP distribution; facilitators of Adoption included existing healthcare infrastructure, sensitized providers, and community support from non-governmental organizations. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the ImPrEP program's Reach among MSWs will depend on improving PrEP education and addressing HIV-related stigma and access barriers. Future Adoption of the ImPrEP program should build on existing clinical infrastructure and community support. Creation of a national policy for PrEP distribution may improve the Reach and Adoption of PrEP among highest-risk populations in Mexico.

Regional and state-level patterns of type 2 diabetes prevalence in Mexico over the last three decades.

AIMS: We aimed to characterize and illustrate the regional and state-level change in type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence in Mexico between 1990 and 2017. METHODS: We conducted an ecological and secondary analysis using data from the Global Burden of Disease study on T2D prevalence of the adult Mexican population. We estimated the absolute increase and annual growth rate of T2D prevalence between 1990 and 2017, stratified by age group and region. RESULTS: Nationally, between 1990 and 2017, the prevalence of T2D in Mexico increased from 9.5% to 14.3%. The highest increase in T2D prevalence was observed in the East and Southcentral regions, with the lowest absolute change in T2D prevalence observed in Northern states. The highest average annual growth rate in T2D prevalence was observed in Southern Mexico, in the three Southern states with the lowest human development index, and among individuals ages 15-49 years across all regions, compared to those 50 years and older. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of T2D in Mexico has increased substantially over the past three decades, with a clear shift in T2D prevalence from Northern to Southern states and a faster increase occurring in Southern Mexico among younger adults and in areas with lower economic resources.